Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology

Exploration of non-thermal processing methods for milk has garnered attention in the last decade as a potential substitute to traditional thermal procedures.In addition to validating the effectiveness of freeze drying, it is important to evaluate the qual. attributes of the final product, particularly of dairy products.In current study, freeze-dried donkey milk powder (DMP) was analyzed for its Biochem., Dielec., functional, Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy and Surface Characteristics.DMP contains notably, high lactose content (62.09%), protein content was determined to be 21.49% with having relatively low-fat content (2.19%).Minerals, amino acid, and fatty acid profiles highlighted nutritional value of DMP.DMP had spherical shape particles with a smooth surface.The FTIR spectra anal. validated the existence of distinct functional groups in DMP.The potential of DMP as a leading candidate for the future of functional food is evident due to its exceptional functional and nutritive properties.

Infection remains a significant global health concern, with millions of new cases and deaths occurring due to infectious diseases. Currently, chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy are the primary treatments, but side effects and toxicities pose challenges. Pathogenic microorganisms have developed resistance to antimicrobial medications. Nitrogen containing heterocyclic scaffolds possess the potential in drug discovery and are explored in various fields like pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agrochemicals. To minimize antimicrobial drug resistance, there is a need to design potent, safer antimicrobial lead compounds with higher selectivity and minimal cytotoxicity.

The present review aims to outline several recent developments in medicinal chemistry aspect of nitrogenous heterocyclic derivatives with the following purposes: (1) To cast light on the recent literature reports of the last eight years ranging from 2015 to 2023 describing anti-microbial potential of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivatives which includes pyrazole, pyrazoline, imidazole, tetrazole and quinoline; (2) To brief the recent developments in the medicinal chemistry of nitrogenous heterocyclic derivatives that is directed towards their anti-microbial profile; (3) To summarize the complete correlation of structural features of nitrogenous heterocyclic molecules with the pharmacological action including in silico as well as mechanistic studies to provide thoughts accompanying the generation of lead molecules.

Antimicrobial potential of nitrogenous heterocyclic molecules has been displayed by relating the structural features of various lead candidates with their in vitro as well as in vivo antimicrobial outcomes. In contrast, in silico computational analysis from different articles also helped to predict the SAR of potent molecules.

Nitrogen containing heterocycles are involved in a range of natural to synthetic analogues with keen antimicrobial potency. It is an emerging need to generate new nitrogenous heterocyclic molecules in order to tackle the drug resistance in micro-organisms with more targeted selectivity as well as specificity.

To limit the side effects associated with them and to combat the microbes acquired resistance towards the current drug regimen, novel nitrogenous heterocycle based antimicrobial agents are essential to be developed. This review connects the structural units present in lead compounds with their promising antimicrobial action.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most commonly used plasticizers known for its effect on reproductive systems. The underlying molecular mechanism of DEHP-induced male reproductive toxicity is still less explored. Melatonin (Mel), a neurohormone possessing antioxidant properties, has demonstrated reproprotective effect in various studies. In this study, the underlying molecular mechanisms of DEHP induced reproductive toxicity and reproprotective effect of melatonin were investigated. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups: control, DEHP-500 mg/kg, DEHP+Mel-3 mg/kg and DEHP+Mel-10 mg/kg. Animals were treated with DEHP (500 mg/kg; p.o.) for 28 days. Melatonin was administered at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg for the last 14 days. DEHP exposure impaired the sexual motivational behavior as well as copulatory behavior in rats, which was ameliorated by melatonin treatment. In addition, Mel reversed the changes in the gonadosomatic index along with sperm quality and quantity. DEHP reduced the serum testosterone level and increased the level of testicular nitrite, and MDA while, decreased the level of reduced glutathione. However, Mel mitigated testicular oxidative stress and restored the serum testosterone level in DEHP-exposed rats. Additionally, histopathology and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the administration of Mel attenuates the cellular alteration as evidenced by Johnsen's index scores. Western blotting analysis showed that protein expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-12, and glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78) were found upregulated in DEHP-exposed rat testes, indicating ER-stress mediated cell death. Mel reversed DEHP-induced protein expression level of CHOP, GRP-78 and caspase-12 in testicular tissue. In conclusion, the findings of the present study showed that Mel could be an effective intervention in the treatment of DEHP-induced reproductive toxicity. Moreover, ER-stress mediated apoptotic cells death played a vital role in DEHP-induced male reproductive toxicity.