PRC1

To function properly, the genetic material is highly organized into loop structures that often bring together widely separated sections of the genome critical to the regulation of gene activity. Scientists now address how these loops can help repress or silence gene activity, with potentially far-reaching effects on human health. The blueprint for human life lies within the DNA in the nucleus of each of our cells. In human cells, around six and a half feet of this genetic material must be condensed to fit inside the nucleus. DNA condensation is not random. To function properly, the genetic material is highly organized into loop structures that often bring together widely separated sections of the genome critical to the regulation of gene activity. In a new paper published in Nature Communications, USC Stem Cell scientists from the laboratory of Oliver Bell address how these loops can help repress or silence gene activity, with potentially far-reaching effects on human health. "A carefully orchestrated regulatory machinery is required to ensure every cell in the body is expressing its correct gene set to exert its dedicated function," said the study's first author Daniel Bsteh, who began the research at the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), and completed it at the Keck School of Medicine of USC during his PhD. He is currently the Liquid Biopsy Core Manager at the USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center. In the study, Bsteh and his colleagues specifically examined developmental genes that are repressed by molecules known as Polycomb Repressive Complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PRC2). PRC1 and PRC2 are regulators that prevent developmental genes from becoming activated at the wrong time or in the wrong cell, which has been shown to cause changes in cellular identity, leading to developmental defects, or transformation into cancer cells. When PRC1- and PRC2-repressed genes come together, the genome forms loops. Loops are known to play a role in activating genes, but it has been more challenging to study how loops might help repress genes. This is because of the interdependence of loops with a different type of gene repressing mechanism known as histone modifications. Through a genetic screen conducted in mouse embryonic stem cells, the scientists identified a protein, PDS5A, that modifies loops without affecting histone modifications. This enabled Bsteh and colleagues to specifically study the effects of loops and 3D genome organization on gene silencing. The loss of PDS5A disrupted the loops -- and therefore the long-range interactions between repressed developmental genes. Further, looping genes together maintains the silent state. When PRC1- and PRC2-repressed genes are physically separated, eliminating the loops, normally silent genes become activated in aberrant ways. "PDS5A is a subunit of a larger protein complex called cohesin, which is the master regulator of 3D genome organization," said Bell, an assistant professor of biochemistry and molecular medicine, and stem cell biology and regenerative medicine, and a member of the USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center. "Cohesin mutations are known to drive several human diseases, including developmental disorders and cancer. What's striking about our discovery is that it reveals a dependence of PRC 1 and PRC 2 activity on the precise regulation of 3D genome organization by cohesin, suggesting that 'cohesinopathies' may be linked to aberrant developmental gene silencing." Additional authors include Hagar F. Moussa, Georg Michlits, Ramesh Yelagandula, Jingkui Wang, and Ulrich Elling from the IMBA. Support for this research came from the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the New Frontiers Group of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (grant NFG-05), the Human Frontiers Science Program Career Development Award (CDA00036/2014-C), and startup funding from the USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center.

The PRC1 and PRC2 proteins are “strict librarians” inside cells, blocking access to certain areas of the genetic library. A cell has to know what it is to do its job. New research from Trinity College Dublin has helped reveal just how cells establish their identities, which could have implications for developing more targeted cancer treatments. Professor Adrian Bracken and his team had been perplexed by a “puzzle” involving Polycomb protein complexes, specifically PRC1 and PRC2. These proteins are “strict librarians” inside cells, blocking access to certain areas of the genetic library—so a neuron cell can’t access a muscle gene, confusing its cellular identity, for instance, Ph.D. student Ellen Tuck, who works in the Bracken lab, said in a press release. But the researchers were puzzled for two years over the fact that two forms of the PRC2 protein exist in the cell, called PRC2.1 and PRC2.2. The Bracken lab had previously shown that these two forms do the exact same thing and target the same regions of DNA but couldn’t figure out why we need two copies. Until now. The lab's latest work shows that the two forms of PRC2 recruit different forms of the PRC1 complex to DNA. “This took us by complete surprise,” said Eleanor Glancy, a Ph.D. graduate from the Bracken lab. "We initially thought there must have been a technical issue with the experiment, but multiple replications confirmed that we had in fact stumbled upon a fascinating new process that reshapes our understanding of the hierarchical workflow of Polycomb complexes. We were dancing around the lab." The work was published in the journal Molecular Cell on Friday, providing a better understanding of Polycomb proteins, which are often mutated in cancers. Bracken’s team studies these mutations in childhood brain cancers and adult lymphomas to try and figure out the biological mechanisms that cause them. That way, the cancers can be targeted with more precise treatments. “A firm and comprehensive understanding of the workings of these complexes is critical to figuring out new ways to target them in cancer settings,” Bracken said. “Therefore, this work led by Dr. Glancy and Dr. [Cheng] Wang in my lab will be built upon here and by other researchers worldwide to advance our approach to many cancers.”