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Last update 08 May 2025

Diphtheria Toxin

Last update 08 May 2025

Basic Info

Synonyms-

Introduction-

Drugs associated with Diphtheria Toxin

Diphtheria Antitoxin(KM Biologics)

Target

Diphtheria Toxin

Mechanism

Diphtheria Toxin inhibitors

Active Org.

KM Biologics KK

Originator Org.

KM Biologics KK

Active Indication

Diphtheria

Inactive Indication-

Drug Highest PhaseApproved

First Approval Ctry. / Loc.

Japan

First Approval Date01 Dec 2005

9C12

Target

Diphtheria Toxin

Mechanism

Diphtheria Toxin inhibitors

Active Org.

Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.

Originator Org.

Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.

Active Indication

Diphtheria

Inactive Indication-

Drug Highest PhasePreclinical

First Approval Ctry. / Loc.-

First Approval Date20 Jan 1800

Inodiftagene vixteplasmid(BioCancell Therapeutics, Inc.)

Target

Diphtheria Toxin

Mechanism

Diphtheria Toxin modulators

Active Org.-

Originator Org.

BioCancell Therapeutics, Inc.

Active Indication-

Inactive Indication

Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma [+5]

Drug Highest PhaseDiscontinued

First Approval Ctry. / Loc.-

First Approval Date20 Jan 1800

Clinical Trials associated with Diphtheria Toxin

NCT04075175

/ CompletedPhase 1

A Phase 1 Study in Healthy Subjects to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Human Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) S315 Against Diphtheria Toxin

This study will examine the use of a single infusion of S315 at different doses in healthy volunteers to help understand its safety and tolerability. S315 is a monoclonal antibody that is being developed for treatment of diphtheria. The study will assess for any side effects when S315 and will also look at the levels of S315 in the blood over time.

Start Date23 Apr 2019

Sponsor / Collaborator

MassBiologics

NCT03719300

/ TerminatedPhase 2

A Phase 2 Study of BC-819 in Patients With Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Whose Disease is Unresponsive to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin

This study, BC-819-18-204, is a Phase 2, open-label, monotherapy, single-arm, multicenter clinical trial of BC-819 (inodiftagene vixteplasmid) in patients with NMIBC adequately treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) whose disease is BCG unresponsive according to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance.

Start Date20 Mar 2019

Sponsor / Collaborator

Anchiano Therapeutics Israel Ltd.

NCT01878188

/ CompletedPhase 1

Phase I Study of BC-819/PEI and BCG in Patients With Superficial Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma

Safety and tolerability of three regimens of intravesically administered BC-819/PEI and BCG (number of participants with AEs, discontinuations due to AEs)
Recurrence after treatment with BC-819/PEI and BCG
Approximately 38 patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma TCC) of the bladder
After initial evaluation and qualification, patients will be randomized to one of three treatment groups, either alternating, sequential or twice weekly

Start Date01 Feb 2013

Sponsor / Collaborator

Anchiano Therapeutics Israel Ltd.

100 Clinical Results associated with Diphtheria Toxin

100 Translational Medicine associated with Diphtheria Toxin

0 Patents (Medical) associated with Diphtheria Toxin

184

Literatures (Medical) associated with Diphtheria Toxin

26 Feb 2025·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Structure, Function, and Biosynthesis of Siderophores Produced by Streptomyces Species

Review

Author: Li, Honglin ; Wang, Mingxuan

Since the natural supply of iron is low, microorganisms acquire iron by secreting siderophores. Streptomyces is known for its abundant secondary metabolites containing various types of siderophores, including hydroxamate, catecholate, and carboxylate. These siderophores are mainly synthesized through the nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) and non-NRPS pathways and are regulated by ferric uptake regulator and diphtheria toxin regulators. Although both NRPS and non-NRPS pathways adenylate substrates, they differ significantly in the catalytic logic. Siderophores produced by Streptomyces play important roles in fields of agriculture, medicine, and environment. However, their structure, function, and synthetic mechanisms have been inadequately summarized. Therefore, this Review aimed to provide an overview of the classification, structure, biosynthesis, regulation, and applications of siderophores produced by Streptomyces. Finally, the need for a comprehensive and well-defined mechanism for synthesizing siderophores from Streptomyces was highlighted to further promote their commercialization and application in agriculture, medicine, and other areas.

29 Oct 2024·mSphere

Identification of Corynebacterium ulcerans and Erysipelothrix sp. in Malayan pangolins—a potential threat to public health?

Article

Author: Liu, Jianhua ; Wang, Hai ; Chen, Zujin ; Wang, Xiao ; Tu, Jieying ; Shen, Xuejuan ; Sa, Jiaqi ; Zhai, Junqiong ; Zhou, Niu ; Chen, Yiting ; Shen, Yongyi ; Peng, Shi-Ming ; Zou, Jie-Jian ; Lu, Xingbang ; Shan, Fen ; Liu, Jiameng ; Holmes, Edward C. ; Cao, Yilin ; Chen, Wu ; Zou, Zanjian

ABSTRACT The discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2-like and Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-like viruses in Malayan pangolins has raised concerns about their potential role in the spread of zoonotic diseases. Herein, we describe the isolation and whole-genome sequencing of potentially zoonotic two bacterial pathogens from diseased Malaysian pangolins ( Manis javanica )— Corynebacterium ulcerans and Erysipelothrix sp. The newly identified species were designated as C. ulcerans P69 and Erysipelothrix sp. P66. C. ulcerans P69 exhibited 99.2% whole-genome nucleotide identity to human bacterial isolate 4940, suggesting that it might have zoonotic potential. Notably, C. ulcerans P69 lacked the diphtheria toxin ( tox ) gene that is widely used in vaccines to protect humans from corynebacterial infection, which suggests that the current vaccine may be of limited efficacy against this pangolin strain. C. ulcerans P69 also contains other known virulence-associated genes such as pld and exhibits resistance to several antibiotics (erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin G, gentamicin, tetracycline), which may affect its effective control. Erysipelothrix sp. P66 was closely related to Erysipelothrix sp. strain 2-related strains, exhibiting 98.8% whole-genome nucleotide identity. This bacterium is lethal in mice, and two commercial vaccines failed to protect its challenge, such that it could potentially pose a threat to the swine industry. Overall, this study highlights that, in addition to viruses, pangolins harbor bacteria that may pose a potential threat to humans and domestic animals, and which merit attention. IMPORTANCE This study firstly reports the presence of two potentially zoonotic bacteria, Corynebacterium ulcerans and Erysipelothrix sp., in diseased Malaysian pangolins collected in 2019. The pangolin C. ulcerans is lethal in mice and resists many antibiotics. It clustered with a lethal human strain but lacked the diphtheria toxin gene. Diphtheria toxin is widely used as a vaccine around the world to protect humans from the infection of corynebacteria. The lack of the tox gene suggests that the current vaccine may be of limited efficacy against this pangolin strain. The pangolin Erysipelothrix sp. is the sister clade of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae . It is lethal in mice, and two commercial vaccines failed to protect the mice against challenge with the pangolin Erysipelothrix sp., such that this strain could potentially pose a threat to the swine industry. These findings emphasize the potential threat of pangolin bacteria.

01 Jul 2023·The Journal of veterinary medical science

Comparative whole-genome analysis of diphtheria toxin-producing Corynebacterium ulcerans isolates from sheltered cats in Osaka, Japan.

Article

Author: Hirai, Yuji ; Umeda, Kaoru

Diphtheria toxin-producing Corynebacterium ulcerans is a zoonotic pathogen that causes human diphtheria-like symptoms. After performing whole-genome analysis of the five isolates from sheltered cats in Osaka, Japan, we compared them with genome sequences of 25 strains of C. ulcerans from a public database. The five isolates from cats harbored 14 genes encoding possible virulence factors in diphtheria-toxin-producing C. ulcerans. These isolates also had diphtheria toxin gene-encoding prophage in their chromosome, although differences were found in other prophages possession. Whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis showed that cats' isolates belonged to ST337 branch, as were strains from Japanese human patients, with 41 or more single-nucleotide polymorphisms variations. High-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of C. ulcerans was sufficient to distinguish cats' isolates clearly as not different by conventional genotyping methods.

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