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Last update 08 May 2025

EPX

Last update 08 May 2025

Basic Info

Synonyms

eosinophil peroxidase, Eosinophil peroxidase heavy chain, Eosinophil peroxidase light chain

+ [5]

Introduction

Mediates tyrosine nitration of secondary granule proteins in mature resting eosinophils. Shows significant inhibitory activity towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by inducing bacterial fragmentation and lysis.

Drugs associated with EPX

AWEPO-002

Target

EPX

Mechanism

EPX inhibitors

Active Org.-

Originator Org.

INOXIA Lifesciences GmbH

Active Indication-

Inactive Indication-

Drug Highest PhaseDiscontinued

First Approval Ctry. / Loc.-

First Approval Date20 Jan 1800

AWEPOPD-02

Target

EPX

Mechanism

EPX inhibitors

Active Org.-

Originator Org.

INOXIA Lifesciences GmbH

Active Indication-

Inactive Indication-

Drug Highest PhaseDiscontinued

First Approval Ctry. / Loc.-

First Approval Date20 Jan 1800

AWEPOPD-06

Target

EPX

Mechanism

EPX inhibitors

Active Org.-

Originator Org.

INOXIA Lifesciences GmbH

Active Indication-

Inactive Indication-

Drug Highest PhaseDiscontinued

First Approval Ctry. / Loc.-

First Approval Date20 Jan 1800

100 Clinical Results associated with EPX

100 Translational Medicine associated with EPX

0 Patents (Medical) associated with EPX

907

Literatures (Medical) associated with EPX

01 Jul 2025·Food Chemistry

Anthocyanin-rich extracts: Susceptibility to color loss by hydration and thermal degradation, influence of metal ions and endogenous copigments

Article

Author: Idir, Sabrina ; Cruz, Luis ; Achat, Sabiha ; Dangles, Olivier

Three anthocyanin-rich extracts from eggplant peel (EPP), pomegranate juice (PGJ), and blood orange juice (BOJ) were prepared and studied for their phenolic composition and coloring properties. BOJ and EPP anthocyanins (ACNs) were more resistant to water addition (reversible color loss) than PGJ ACNs, in agreement with differences in ACN glycosylation patterns and in the extracts' content in potent copigments. All extracts formed Al³⁺ complexes at pH 5 with concomitant reversion of the hydration equilibria and efficient color regeneration. EPP formed blue Al³⁺ complexes, while BOJ and PGJ formed purple complexes. Monitoring color loss and pigment degradation during thermal treatment at 50 °C showed that BOJ was the most stable extract, while EPP degraded rapidly, possibly because of the autoxidation of its caffeoyl derivatives. Both color loss and pigment degradation were substantially reduced upon Al³⁺-ACN binding, with BOJ again coming up as the most stable extract.

01 May 2025·JIMD Reports

Self‐Reported Liver Disease and the Burden of Erythropoietic Protoporphyria

Article

Author: Chin, Melanie ; Wheeden, Kristen ; Naik, Hetanshi ; Balwani, Manisha ; Mathias, Susan D. ; Colwell, Hilary H. ; Savage, William ; Norregaard, Chelsea

ABSTRACTErythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and X‐linked protoporphyria are metabolic disorders that cause skin phototoxicity and potential liver damage. We compared symptoms and impacts of phototoxic reactions, health‐related quality of life, and healthcare utilization (HCU) between individuals with and without self‐reported liver disease (elevated liver enzymes or liver fibrosis) using an online questionnaire containing validated patient‐reported outcome measures and original items. Among 164 participants, 15.2% self‐reported liver disease. Sixty‐four percent of those with liver disease rated their general health “much worse” than those without EPP, versus 35% of those without liver disease. Those with liver disease had a higher frequency of prodromal symptoms and more frequently reported that their most recent phototoxic reaction impacted their ability to perform daily activities (76% versus 55% for those without liver disease) and resulted in difficulty in doing chores (88% versus 60%) or going for a walk, run, or bike ride (84% versus 60%). A higher percentage of those with liver disease reported feeling anxious (92% versus 78%), isolated (100% versus 80%), and lonely (96% versus 72%) than those without liver disease. The mean number of hours missed from work and school in the past month was higher for those with liver disease (work: 10.9 h; school: 7.7 h) than those without liver disease (3.6 h for both). EPP‐related HCU in the previous 12 months was higher for those with liver disease than those without liver disease, including more physician visits (mean of 16.5 versus 6.0) and emergency room visits (mean of 9.0 versus 1.9).

08 Apr 2025·Infection and Immunity

Helicobacter pylori CagA and Cag type IV secretion system activity have key roles in triggering gastric transcriptional and proteomic alterations

Article

Author: Westland, Mandy D. ; Piazuelo, M. Blanca ; Tsui, Tina ; Shuman, Jennifer H. B. ; McClain, Mark S. ; Judd, Audra M. ; Bryant, Kaeli N. ; Algood, Holly M. ; Reyzer, Michelle L. ; Cover, Timothy L. ; Fortier, Gabrielle E. ; McDonald, W. Hayes ; Lin, Aung Soe ; Schey, Kevin L.

ABSTRACT Colonization of the human stomach with cag pathogenicity island (PAI)-positive Helicobacter pylori strains is associated with increased gastric cancer risk compared to colonization with cag PAI-negative strains. To evaluate the contributions of the Cag type IV secretion system (T4SS) and CagA (a secreted bacterial oncoprotein) to gastric molecular alterations relevant for carcinogenesis, we infected Mongolian gerbils with a Cag T4SS-positive wild-type (WT) H. pylori strain, one of two Cag T4SS mutant strains (∆ cagT or ∆ cagY ), or a ∆ cagA mutant for 12 weeks. Histologic staining revealed a biphasic distribution of gastric inflammation severity in WT-infected animals and minimal inflammation in animals infected with mutant strains. Atrophic gastritis (a premalignant condition), dysplasia, and gastric adenocarcinoma were only detected in WT-infected animals with high inflammation scores. Transcriptional profiling, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of micro-extracted tryptic peptides, and imaging mass spectrometry revealed more than a thousand molecular alterations in gastric tissues from WT-infected animals with high inflammation scores compared to uninfected tissues and few alterations in tissues from other groups of infected animals. Proteins with altered abundance in animals with severe Cag T4SS-induced inflammation mapped to multiple pathways, including the complement/coagulation cascade and proteasome pathway. Proteins exhibiting markedly increased abundance in tissues from H. pylori -infected animals with severe inflammation included calprotectin components, proteins involved in proteasome activation, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR), interferon-inducible guanylate-binding protein (GBP2), lactoferrin, lysozyme, superoxide dismutase, and eosinophil peroxidase. These results demonstrate key roles for CagA and Cag T4SS activity in promoting gastric mucosal inflammation, transcriptional alterations, and proteomic alterations relevant to gastric carcinogenesis. IMPORTANCEHelicobacter pylori colonizes the stomachs of about half of humans worldwide, and its presence is the primary risk factor for the development of stomach cancer. H. pylori strains isolated from humans can be broadly classified into two groups based on whether they contain a chromosomal cag pathogenicity island, which encodes a secreted effector protein (CagA) and components of a type IV secretion system (T4SS). In experiments using a Mongolian gerbil model, we found that severe gastric inflammation and gastric transcriptional and proteomic alterations related to gastric cancer development were detected only in animals infected with a wild-type H. pylori strain containing CagA and an intact Cag T4SS . Mutant strains lacking CagA or Cag T4SS activity successfully colonized the stomach without inducing detectable pathologic host responses. These findings illustrate two different patterns of H. pylori -host interaction.

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