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Last update 08 May 2025

GSS

Last update 08 May 2025

Basic Info

Synonyms

Glutathione synthase, Glutathione synthetase, GSH synthetase

+ [3]

Introduction

Catalyzes the production of glutathione from gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine in an ATP-dependent manner (PubMed:7646467, PubMed:9215686). Glutathione (gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycine, GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol in living aerobic cells and is required for numerous processes including the protection of cells against oxidative damage, amino acid transport, the detoxification of foreign compounds, the maintenance of protein sulfhydryl groups in a reduced state and acts as a cofactor for a number of enzymes (PubMed:10369661). Participates in ophthalmate biosynthesis in hepatocytes (By similarity).

Drugs associated with GSS

Cysteamine Hydrochloride

Target

GSS

Mechanism

GSS stimulants

Active Org.

Leadiant Biosciences, Inc. [+2]

Originator Org.

Leadiant Biosciences, Inc.

Active Indication

Cystinosis [+1]

Inactive Indication

Corneal Diseases

Drug Highest PhaseApproved

First Approval Ctry. / Loc.

United States

First Approval Date02 Oct 2012

Procysteine

Target

GSS

Mechanism

GSS stimulants

Active Org.-

Originator Org.

Addition Technology, Inc.

Active Indication-

Inactive Indication

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [+2]

Drug Highest PhaseDiscontinued

First Approval Ctry. / Loc.-

First Approval Date20 Jan 1800

Liposomal-GSH

Target

GSS

Mechanism

GSS stimulants [+1]

Active Org.-

Originator Org.

Johnson Medical Associates PA [+2]

Active Indication-

Inactive Indication

Autistic Disorder [+3]

Drug Highest PhasePending

First Approval Ctry. / Loc.-

First Approval Date20 Jan 1800

Clinical Trials associated with GSS

NCT04125927

/ CompletedPhase 3

Open-label, Single-arm, Multicenter Study to Assess the Safety of Cystadrops® in Pediatric Cystinosis Patients From 6 Months to Less Than 2 Years Old

Cystadrops® is currently indicated in adults and children from 2 years of age diagnosed with cystinosis with corneal crystal accumulation observed.
However administration of Cystadrops® in patients below 2 years old could be of value for these patients and prevent the crystal deposit. It is the reason why as part of the Cystadrops® pediatric investigational plan (PIP), RECORDATI Rare Diseases committed to conduct a clinical study to assess Cystadrops® safety and efficacy in the pediatric population from 6 months to less than 2 years old.

Start Date01 Sep 2020

Sponsor / Collaborator

Recordati Rare Diseases

EUCTR2009-012564-13-FR

/ Not yet recruitingNot Applicable

Cysteamine Hydrochloride for nephropathic Cystinosis, open-label Phase III pivotal study - CYSTADROPS CHOC study

Start Date03 Jan 2013

Sponsor / Collaborator

Orphan Europe SARL

JPRN-UMIN000005844

/ CompletedNot ApplicableIIT

Clinical multi-center study of OTC periodontal ointment-containing applicator with brush (MC2) for reducing risk of relapse of chronic periodontitis during supportive periodontal therapy - Clinical multi-center study of OTC periodontal ointment-containing applicator with brush (MC2)

Start Date01 Aug 2011

Sponsor / Collaborator

Okayama University

100 Clinical Results associated with GSS

100 Translational Medicine associated with GSS

0 Patents (Medical) associated with GSS

13,768

Literatures (Medical) associated with GSS

31 Dec 2025·Organogenesis

Tetramethylpyrazine Confers Protection Against Oxidative Stress and NLRP3-Dependent Pyroptosis in Rats with Endometriosis

Article

Author: Zou, Xiaofeng ; Zhang, Mingzhe ; Xu, Ke ; Wang, Mingyang

Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has been confirmed to suppress inflammation in endometriosis (EMs). Herein, this study investigated whether and how TMP affected NLRP3 inflammasomes and oxidative stress in EMs. After establishment of an EMs rat model, rats were treated with different concentrations of TMP. The size of endometriotic lesions and the latency and frequency of torsion in rats were recorded, followed by the measurement of relevant indicators (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, IL-10, MDA, SOD, GSH, CAT, ROS, NLRP3, ASC, GSDMD, caspase-1, Nrf2, and HO-1). The study experimentally determined that TMP treatment markedly decreased the size of endometriotic lesions and improved torsion in rats with EMs. The levels of inflammatory proteins, oxidative stress markers, NLRP3 inflammasome, and pyroptotic proteins were elevated in rats with EMs, all of which were reversed upon TMP treatment. Additionally, the activities of SOD, GSH, and CAT were lowered in rats with EMs, which were partly abrogated by TMP treatment. Furthermore, the downregulation of Nrf2 and HO-1 was counteracted by TMP treatment. To sum up, TMP represses excessive oxidative stress, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis in rats with EMs. Additionally, TMP may activate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

31 Dec 2025·Redox Report

Spermidine prevents iron overload-induced impaired bone mass by activating SIRT1/SOD2 signaling in senile rat model

Article

Author: Xie, Jia-Bin ; Ji, Sheng-Yi ; Tao, Zhou-Shan ; Du, Zhi-Qing ; Zhou, Wanshu

Spermidine (SPD) is an organic compound known for its powerful antioxidant stress and anti-aging properties, and whether SPD has the ability to reduce bone mass in elderly iron overload rats is unknown. The study aimed to assess SPD's impact on iron overload-induced bone loss in elderly rats. In our aged rat model, we found that iron overload negatively influences bone metabolism and remodeling, resulting in decreased bone mineral density and increased bone loss. However, SPD treatment effectively alleviated these harmful effects, as shown by reduced serum levels of MDA and increased SOD and GSH levels. Additionally, SPD-treated rats exhibited enhanced bone mass and higher expression of OC, BMP2, SIRT1, and SOD2 in their bones. Moreover, SPD restored the imbalance in bone metabolism by counteracting the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation and promoting osteoclast differentiation induced by iron overload in MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cells affected by EX527. In summary, our findings suggest that SPD's antioxidant properties may exert anti-osteoporosis effects through activation of the SIRT1/SOD2 signaling pathway.

31 Dec 2025·Redox Report

Involvement of oxidative stress in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: clinical implications

Article

Author: Wilhelm Filho, Danilo ; Souza de Souza, Kamylla Fernanda ; Coimbra Motta-Castro, Ana Rita ; Miranda Campos, Nathalia ; Paredes-Gamero, Edgar Julian ; Parisotto, Eduardo Benedetti ; Trentin Perdomo, Renata ; Teixeira Espinoça, Isabelly ; Valente Coronel, Paola Mayara ; Seiji Nakano Ota, Rafael ; Luiz Soares Basilio, Denise Caroline

Oxidative stress (OS) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and may be associated with sequelae after severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study evaluated OS and inflammation biomarkers in blood from individuals with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). 64 male and female participants were distributed into three groups: healthy individuals (n = 20), acute COVID-19 patients (symptoms for <3 weeks, n = 15), and PASC patients (symptoms for >12 weeks, n = 29). Analyses included inflammatory cytokines, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and OS markers, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), reduced glutathione (GSH), uric acid (UA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and protein carbonyls (PC). Individuals with PASC showed increased IL-6 and IL-8. Both COVID-19 groups exhibited decreased SOD and CAT. GST decreased only in the acute group. Elevated GGT and GSH were found in the PASC group. High UA levels were observed in PASC individuals. There were no changes in TBARS values ⁣⁣in the PASC group. However, PC concentrations were elevated only in this group. Correlations were identified between inflammatory markers and OS parameters. These findings suggest that individuals with PASC pronounced OS, which potentially exacerbates disease complications. Monitoring OS biomarkers could aid in patient prognosis and management.

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