What are the side effects of Nevirapine?

Nevirapine is an antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV-1 infection. It belongs to a class of drugs known as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). As with any medication, Nevirapine can cause side effects, some of which may be serious. Understanding these potential side effects is crucial for anyone taking or considering the use of Nevirapine.

One of the most common side effects of Nevirapine is skin rash. While often mild, this rash can occasionally be severe and life-threatening, leading to conditions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. Patients are typically monitored closely during the first 18 weeks of treatment, as this is when the risk of rash is highest. If a rash develops, it is important to contact a healthcare provider immediately.

Another significant side effect is liver toxicity. Nevirapine can cause severe, and sometimes fatal, liver damage. Symptoms of liver issues include yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice), dark urine, light-colored stools, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Regular liver function tests are recommended to monitor for signs of toxicity, especially during the initial stages of treatment.

Nevirapine can also impact the immune system. Some patients may experience an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) when they first start taking the medication. This occurs when the immune system begins to recover and starts responding to previously undetected infections, causing an inflammatory response. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific infections involved.

Other common side effects include gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Fatigue, headache, and fever are also frequently reported. While these side effects are usually manageable and tend to decrease over time, they can be troublesome for some patients.

Mood changes and mental health issues such as depression and anxiety have also been reported in some individuals taking Nevirapine. While these side effects are less common, they can significantly impact a patient's quality of life and should be addressed promptly with the help of a healthcare provider.

In rare cases, Nevirapine may cause severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis, which is a medical emergency. Symptoms of anaphylaxis include difficulty breathing, swelling of the face and throat, rapid heart rate, and severe skin reactions. Immediate medical attention is necessary if any of these symptoms occur.

Lastly, there are long-term side effects that may not be immediately apparent. Chronic use of Nevirapine has been associated with changes in body fat distribution, known as lipodystrophy. This can result in the loss of fat in certain areas of the body, such as the face and limbs, and an increase in fat in other areas, such as the abdomen and upper back.

In summary, while Nevirapine is an effective medication for the treatment of HIV-1, it is associated with a range of side effects that can vary from mild to severe. Regular monitoring and communication with healthcare providers are essential to managing these side effects and ensuring the best possible outcomes for patients. If you experience any side effects while taking Nevirapine, it is important to seek medical advice promptly.