Diclofenac Diethylamine

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most prominent painkiller and anti-inflammatory drugs with gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects.Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) could overcome GI adverse effects associated with oral ingestion of NSAIDs as well as maintaining a prolonged release of the drug.The main aim of this study was to prepare and investigate diclofenac diethylamine (DDA) loaded nanofibers made of Et cellulose (EC) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone K90 (PVP) using electrospinning.The impact of penetration enhancers such as nerolidol and farnesol on release profiles through cellophane membranes and other characteristics of nanofibers were also investigated.Based on release studies, some formulations were selected for release examination through rate skin using Franz diffusion cells.To gain insight about potential interactions between drug and polymers FTIR, DSC, and XRD analyses were performed.Morphol. examination was also conducted using SEM (SEM).Morphol. studies showed that nanofibers made of EC only are greater in the mean diameter than other nanofibers while other formulations were not significantly different from each other regardless of the presence of penetration enhancers.EC nanofibers had the lowest elastic modulus and tensile strength and most elongation at break which makes them the least tough and most flexible nanofibers among all the formulations.The addition of PVP increased the toughness and decreased the flexibility of nanofibers.The addition of nerolidol did not alter the mech. properties of nanofibers significantly, while the addition of farnesol increased elastic modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break significantly in a concentration-dependent manner.EC nanofibers had the lowest release rate and lowest total cumulative release content while the addition of PVP significantly improved both of these features.In release studies through cellophane membrane, the addition of 5 % of penetration enhancer slightly increased the release rate while did not significantly alter cumulative release while the addition of 10 % farnesol notably increased the release rate and total cumulative released content.Release studies through rat skin were in accordance with cellophane membrane studies and the formulation with 10 % farnesol had the most release rate and total cumulative release and these findings confirm the pos. effect of penetration enhancers.DSC thermogram showed an amorphous state of the drug in fibers and this was supported by XRD results.The FTIR results confirmed that no chem. interaction between the drug and other formulation components has occurred and no new compounds have been formed.Based on these results, the utilization of DDA-loaded PVP and EC nanofibers in conjunction with a penetration enhancer showed significant potential for application in transdermal patches.

We successfully prepared mercury sulphide nanoparticle hydrogels by physical encapsulation method. The successfully prepared mercuric sulphide nanoparticle hydrogel was a zinc folate hydrogel, which showed an obvious porous structure with interconnected and uniformly distributed pores and a pore size range of about 20 μm. The maximum drug loading of the hydrogels was 3%, and the in vitro cumulative release degree was in accordance with the first-order kinetic equation Mt = 149.529 (1 - e^-0.026t). The particles in mercuric sulphide nanoparticle hydrogels significantly down-regulated the expression of the cell surface co-stimulatory molecule CD86 (p < .0001). Meanwhile, the inflammatory response was regulated through the NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced inflammatory cells. Later, it was observed that mercuric sulphide nanoparticle hydrogels could significantly counteract the inflammatory and immune models through a mouse ear swelling model, a rat foot-plantar swelling model and a rheumatoid arthritis model. This design targets the immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects through nanocomposite hydrogel technology. It reduces the drawbacks of low mercury utilisation and susceptibility to accumulation of toxicity. It aims to provide an experimental basis for the development of mercuric sulphide and the treatment of inflammatory and immune-related diseases.HighlightsMercury sulphide nanoparticle hydrogel has an optimal mercury sulphide nanoparticle content of 2%, is structurally homogeneous and stable, and does not exhibit significant liver or kidney toxicity.Mercuric sulphide nanoparticle hydrogel exerts anti-inflammatory effects in cells and rats, and regulates the expression of macrophage surface molecules and factors related to the NF-κB pathway.Mercuric sulphide nanoparticle hydrogel improves the condition of ankle synovial joints in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis.