The Role of the Adrenergic System in Hypoglycaemia Induced Inflammatory Response in People With Type 1 Diabetes and People Without Type 1 Diabetes-RAID-II

The goal of this trial is to study the effect that adrenaline has on the immune reaction seen during a low blood sugar. People with type 1 diabetes do not produce their own insulin. The cells in the pancreas that produce insulin are destroyed. People with type 1 diabetes require daily insulin administration. As a consequence of this insulin therapy the blood sugar can dip too low, causing symptoms such as confusion, irritation and tiredness. This is called hypoglycaemia. Hypoglycaemia has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease such as heart attacks. During hypoglycaemia the immune system is activated. The immune system consists of white blood cells which produce cytokines, these are proteins used to kill pathogens such as bacteria. During hypoglycaemia there are no pathogens but the cytokines are still produced, leading to unwanted damage. A previous study performed by our research group showed that the immune system activation caused by hypoglycaemia is associated with the stress hormone adrenaline. Adrenaline is released by the body in moments of stress such as during running or bungee jumping. Adrenaline is also released by the body during hypoglycaemia to increase the sugar level. Our hypothesis is that adrenaline activates the immune system during hypoglycaemia. Adrenaline acts in the body through two receivers, these are called alpha and beta receptors. These are present on almost all cells in the body especially on the immune cells. With the study we want to study the situation where there is a hypoglycaemia without the adrenaline. We will achieve this by lowering the blood sugar in participants. During the low blood sugar we will administer two drugs, which will attach themselves to the adrenaline receivers, the alpha and beta receptor. With this method we hope to block the adrenaline effects and with that block the immune response caused by adrenaline.

Start Date28 Sep 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator

Radboud University Medical Center

NCT07140783

/ RecruitingPhase 3

RANDOMIZED, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, DOUBLE-MASKED STUDY OF THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF POS (0.75% PHENTOLAMINE OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION) IN PARTICIPANTS WITH PREVIOUS KERATOREFRACTIVE SURGERY WITH DECREASED VISUAL ACUITY UNDER MESOPIC CONDITIONS

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if Phentolamine Ophthalmic Solution works to treat adults that have had keratorefractive surgery and have decreased visual acuity under mesopic conditions. It will also learn about the safety of Phentolamine Ophthalmic Solution. The main questions it aims to answer are:
Researchers will compare Phentolamine Ophthalmic Solution to a placebo (a look-alike substance that contains no drug) to see if Phentolamine Ophthalmic Solution works to improve vision in low light conditions.
Participants will:
Take Phentolamine Ophthalmic Solution or a placebo drop every day for 2 weeks Visit the clinic once every week for 2 weeks for checkups and tests Keep a diary of when they instill the study medication each evening

Start Date02 Sep 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator

Opus Genetics, Inc.

NCT06787066

/ RecruitingEarly Phase 1IIT

Sympathetic Vascular Transduction Across the Menopause Transition: Contributing Mechanisms

The investigators aim to assess the interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the vasculature in women across the menopause transition to better understand why aging women have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.

Start Date10 Jul 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator

University of Missouri

100 Clinical Results associated with Phentolamine Mesylate

100 Translational Medicine associated with Phentolamine Mesylate

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Phentolamine Mesylate

10,496

Literatures (Medical) associated with Phentolamine Mesylate

01 Dec 2026·AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY

LYNX-1: A Phase 3 Study of 0.75% Phentolamine Ophthalmic Solution in Subjects With Dim Light Vision Disturbances

Article

Author: Wirta, David ; Pepose, Jay S ; Charizanis, Konstantinos ; Montaquila, Stephen ; Brigell, Mitchell

OBJECTIVE OR PURPOSE:

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.75% phentolamine ophthalmic solution (POS) for the treatment of dim light disturbances (DLD) in subjects with reduced mesopic low-contrast vision, including postkeratorefractive subjects.

DESIGN:

Phase 3, multicenter, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

SUBJECTS, PARTICIPANTS, AND/OR CONTROLS:

About 145 subjects with self-reported symptoms of DLD, mesopic pupil diameter of ≥5 mm, and 30 ETDRS letters (equivalent to 20/63 Snellen) or worse mesopic low-contrast best-corrected distance visual acuity (mLCVA) in the study eye, were randomized 1:1 to receive POS or placebo. The largest subset (25) of the enrolled subjects was status postkeratorefractive surgery.

METHODS, INTERVENTION, OR TESTING:

One drop of POS or placebo was self-administered in each eye once nightly for 14 days.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

Assessments included visual acuity testing, pupil diameter measurement, wavefront aberrometry, intraocular pressure (IOP), slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and a questionnaire assessing visual symptoms.

RESULTS:

POS-treated subjects demonstrated significant improvement in mLCVA at Day 8 (13% vs 3% placebo; P < .05) and Day 15 (21% vs 3% placebo; P < .01). Subjects receiving POS reported significant reduction in overall severity of DLD (on a scale of 1-7), and photic phenomena including glare, halos and starburst (on a scale of 0-3) at Day 8 and 15 (P < .01). There was no significant difference between arms in conjunctival hyperemia or vital signs. Results from posthoc analysis of postkeratorefractive surgery patients also showed significant improvement in mLCVA at Day 8 and 15 and significant improvement in patient reported outcome measures, such as overall severity of DLD.

CONCLUSIONS:

POS significantly improved mesopic low-contrast best-corrected distance visual acuity in subjects with reduced mesopic vision and dim light disturbances of varying etiologies, including postkeratorefractive patients. Treatment-emergent adverse events were predominantly mild and transient. These findings suggest POS may warrant further clinical investigation as a potential pharmacologic approach for patients experiencing dim light disturbances associated with reduced mesopic low-contrast visual acuity and photic symptoms.

01 Nov 2026·COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY

Adrenergic regulation of the thyroid Axis: β- and α-Adrenergic signals as drivers of hormonal and metabolic homeostasis in lizard Podarcis siculus

Article

Author: Carrella, Francesca ; Sciarrillo, Rosaria ; De Falco, Maria ; Valvano, Benedetta Sangarella ; Gallicchio, Vito ; Lallo, Assunta ; Boccia, Stefania

The adrenergic system is known for its ability to influence various physiological and metabolic processes; however, its involvement in thyroid function in non-mammalian vertebrates remains poorly explored. Adult male lizards were treated with β-adrenergic agonists (isoproterenol, terbutaline, and L-isopropylamino-3-(2-thiazoloxy)-2-propanol) and the α-adrenergic antagonist (phentolamine). The effects of β-adrenergic agonists and the α-adrenergic antagonist administered as single and repeated injections were evaluated on plasma TSH, thyroid hormones, hepatic 5'-T₄ ORD (type II monodeiodinase) activity, hepatic thyroid hormone contents, blood glucose levels, and thyroid gland histology. β-adrenergic stimulation produced a dose-dependent decrease in plasma TSH, accompanied by significant increases in circulating T₃ and T₄ levels. These changes were associated with enhanced hepatic monodeiodinase activity, increased hepatic T₃ content, reduced hepatic T₄ levels, and histological features indicative of thyroid activation. Repeated administrations amplified these effects. In contrast, phentolamine treatment increased plasma TSH levels but reduced circulating and hepatic T₃, increased hepatic T₄, and tended to decrease deiodinase activity, indicating impaired peripheral thyroid hormone activation. Histological analysis showed reduced follicular synthetic activity, although colloid resorption vacuoles were still present. IPT treatment produced no significant effects. All treatments induced hyperglycaemia, with stronger responses after repeated administrations, suggesting coordinated regulation of thyroid function and energy metabolism by adrenergic pathways. The results demonstrate that β-adrenergic signaling promotes thyroid activation and peripheral hormone conversion, whereas α-adrenergic blockade disrupts thyroid hormone homeostasis. These findings highlight a key role of adrenergic mechanisms in the neuroendocrine and metabolic regulation of reptiles, supporting their importance in physiological adaptation to environmental variability.

01 Nov 2026·BLOOD CELLS MOLECULES AND DISEASES

Metabolic dysregulation linked to sickling tendency in sickle cell anemia independent of HbF

Article

Author: Bartolucci, Pablo ; Marin, Mickael ; Beneitez, David ; Kidane, Aida ; Biemond, Bart J ; Jans, Judith J M ; Mezzalira, Elisabetta ; Traets, Marissa J M ; Idrizovic, Amira ; Cnossen, Marjon H ; Nur, Erfan ; Mañú-Pereira, María Del Mar ; Van Beers, Eduard J ; van Wijk, Richard ; Allali, Slimane ; Sanavia, Tiziana ; Boaro, Maria Paola ; Rab, Minke A E ; Fariselli, Piero ; Reidel, Sara ; Gimbert, Anna Collado ; Colombatti, Raffaella ; Rijneveld, Anita W ; De Montalembert, Mariane ; Le Van Kim, Caroline ; Ruiz-Llobet, Anna ; Hebert, Nicolas ; van der Veen, Sigrid ; Verhoeven-Duif, Nanda M ; Cajiao Garcia, Betzabel ; Bourdelier, Emmanuelle ; Adu, Emmanuel ; Fijnvandraat, Karin ; Schols, Saskia E M ; D'Agnolo, Mirco ; Rollo, Cesare

Sickle cell disease (SCD) presents substantial interindividual clinical variability that remains only partially explained by genotype, fetal hemoglobin (HbF), and co-inherited alpha-thalassemia. We investigated whether endogenous metabolites modulate the sickling tendency, independently of HbF. We analyzed 368 steady-state HbSS patients with oxygen gradient ektacytometry (Point of Sickling [PoS]) and untargeted metabolomics (DI-HRMS, 1309 metabolites). PoS was adjusted for HbF for ANOVA analysis (A-FDR p ≤ 0.05). Linear regression (lr) models were adjusted for HbF, age, alpha-thalassemia, Oxygenscan device, and hydroxyurea (lr-FDR p ≤ 0.05). 111 metabolites differed between adjusted-PoS groups, and 27 metabolites associated with PoS in lr. Seven metabolites overlapped across approaches. Increased sickling (higher PoS) positively correlated with glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway intermediates, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (A-FDR <0.001), 2,3-DPG (A-FDR = 0.002; lr-FDR = 0.004), and ribulose-5-phosphate (A-FDR <0.001). RBC membrane remodeling markers, including carnitines (lr-FDR = 0.002), and oxidative stress and inflammation metabolites: glutathione disulfides (A-FDR = 0.001), acetylated citrulline (A-FDR < 0.001; lr-FDR = 0.009), spermidine (lr-FDR = 0.03), and acetylated tryptophan (A-FDR = 0.03; lr-FDR = 0.03), were also elevated in this group. Low PoS associated with downstream tryptophan metabolites (A-FDR < 0.001, 0.006), indicating inflammatory regulation. Overall, this study demonstrates that metabolic processes are associated with sickling tendencies independent of HbF, providing insights into SCD heterogeneity, identifying candidate metabolic pathways, and supporting current strategies to target glycolysis in SCD.

186

News (Medical) associated with Phentolamine Mesylate

19 Oct 2026

·firstwordpharma.com

FDA clears Ryzumvi eye drops for presbyopia

The FDA on Friday approved Ryzumvi (phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75%) to treat presbyopia in adults. The condition, characterised by a gradual loss of near-focusing ability, occurs naturally with age, typically when individuals are in their early- to mid-40s. The clearance marks the second indication on Ryzumvi's label; it was initially greenlit by the US regulator in 2023 for pharmacologically-induced mydriasis. Friday's nod was based on data from the Phase III VEGA-2 and VEGA-3 trials. The latter randomised 545 participants to receive a daily eye drop of Ryzumvi, given in the evening, or placebo.Ryzumvi met its primary endpoint with 27.2% of treated patients achieving a ≥15-letter improvement in binocular distance-corrected near visual acuity — and less than a 5-letter loss in binocular best-corrected distance visual acuity — at 12 hours post-dose on day 8, compared with 11.5% of patients on placebo (p<0.0001).The eye drop's development is being led by Opus Genetics, while Viatris holds exclusive commercialisation rights in the US. However, Viatris said in a release Friday that it is looking for a partner to take on US commercialisation of Ryzumvi for presbyopia.

Clinical ResultPhase 3Drug Approval

19 Oct 2026

·www.pharmaceutical-technology.com

FDA approves Viatris’ Ryzumvi for adult presbyopia

Presbyopia involves the progressive loss of near-focusing capacity brought on by ageing. Credit: Vitalii Vodolazskyi/Shutterstock.com. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Viatris’ Ryzumvi (phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75%) to treat presbyopia in adults. In the US, Ryzumvi is already marketed as the sole authorised treatment for pharmacologically-induced mydriasis. Under a global licensing agreement with Opus Genetics, Viatris holds exclusive rights to commercialise phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75% across the US. Following the expanded clearance, the company is exploring opportunities to secure a commercial partner to distribute the solution for presbyopia nationwide. Presbyopia involves the progressive loss of near-focusing capacity brought on by ageing. The condition typically emerges when individuals reach their early to mid-40s and affects nearly the entire adult population. When left uncorrected, it contributes significantly to vision-related disability, causing symptoms such as blurred near vision and eye strain that impair everyday activities and productivity. Safety guidance for the medication instructs contact lens wearers to take out their lenses prior to administering Ryzumvi and wait 10 minutes following the dose before reinserting them. In clinical studies for presbyopia, the most frequent adverse ocular reactions reported in more than 5% of participants were conjunctival hyperaemia (21%) and instillation site irritation (16%). Ryzumvi is also indicated to treat pharmacologically-induced mydriasis caused by adrenergic agonists such as phenylephrine or parasympatholytic agents like tropicamide in adults and paediatric patients aged three years and older. In that indication, the most common reactions exceeding 5% were instillation site discomfort with burning, pain, and stinging (16%), conjunctival hyperaemia (12%), and dysgeusia (6%), with most events remaining self-resolving, mild, and transient. Viatris maintains its corporate headquarters in the US, alongside global centres situated in Hyderabad, India; Pittsburgh, the US; and Shanghai. In July 2024, Viatris announced the finalisation of a transaction to divest its over-the-counter (OTC) business, completing the last step in its previously declared $3.37bn divestitures.

License out/inAcquisitionDrug Approval

18 Oct 2026

·www.biospace.com

Opus Genetics Announces FDA Approval of Phentolamine Ophthalmic Solution 0.75% for the Treatment of Presbyopia

FDA expands the approved use of phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75% to include age-related near vision impairment, which affects millions of adults in the United States Approval supported by positive results from pivotal Phase 3 VEGA-2 and VEGA-3 trials, which met primary and all key secondary efficacy endpoints RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C., Oct. 16, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Opus Genetics, Inc . (Nasdaq: IRD) (“Opus Genetics” or the “Company”), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing gene therapies to restore vision and prevent blindness in patients with inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the Company’s supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) for phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75% for the treatment of presbyopia in adults. Opus Genetics and Viatris Inc. (through an affiliated entity) are parties to a global licensing agreement which provides for the development of phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75% and grants exclusive rights to Viatris to commercialize the product in the United States. This FDA approval in presbyopia will trigger a milestone payment to Opus Genetics. Presbyopia is an age-related condition that affects the ability to focus on near objects, often requiring reading glasses or other corrective lenses. The condition affects approximately 90% of adults in the United States over the age of 45. Phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75% offers a non-invasive, pharmacologic treatment option designed to improve near vision while preserving distance vision. “This approval marks an important milestone for Opus Genetics, representing our second U.S. drug approval and underscoring our clinical and regulatory capabilities,” said George Magrath, M.D., Chief Executive Officer, Opus Genetics. “It reinforces our commitment to advancing innovative ophthalmic therapies that address unmet patient needs. We are grateful to the patients, investigators and clinical sites who contributed to this achievement, and we look forward to working closely with our commercial partner to bring RYZUMVI ® to patients.” The FDA approval is supported by positive results from the pivotal Phase 3 VEGA-2 and VEGA-3 clinical trials, both of which met their primary and all key secondary efficacy endpoints, with no treatment-related serious adverse events reported. Phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75% is a preservative-free, topical formulation that reduces pupil diameter through a sympatholytic mechanism of action, without engaging the ciliary muscle. Phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75% is marketed in the United States as RYZUMVI ® for the treatment of pharmacologically induced mydriasis. The supplemental approval expands its approved indications to include presbyopia in adults. INDICATIONS AND USAGE RYZUMVI ® (phentolamine ophthalmic solution) 0.75% is indicated for: Treatment of presbyopia in adults Treatment of pharmacologically-induced mydriasis produced by adrenergic agonists (e.g., phenylephrine) or parasympatholytic agents (e.g., tropicamide) in adults and pediatric patients 3 years of age and older IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION Warnings and Precautions Uveitis: RYZUMVI is not recommended to be used in patients with active ocular inflammation (e.g., iritis). Potential for Eye Injury or Contamination: To avoid the potential for eye injury or contamination, care should be taken to avoid touching the vial tip to the eye or to any other surface. Use with Contact Lenses: Contact lens wearers should be advised to remove their lenses prior to the instillation of RYZUMVI and wait 10 minutes after dosing before reinserting their contact lenses. Adverse Reactions Presbyopia The most common ocular adverse reactions reported in > 5% of subjects were conjunctival hyperemia (21%) and instillation site irritation (16%). Pharmacologically-induced Mydriasis The most common ocular adverse reactions reported in > 5% of subjects were instillation site discomfort including pain, stinging, and burning (16%) and conjunctival hyperemia (12%). The only non-ocular adverse reaction reported in > 5% of subjects was dysgeusia (6%). The majority of the adverse reactions were mild, transient and self-resolving. Please see complete Prescribing Information About Phentolamine Ophthalmic Solution 0.75% Phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75% is a non-selective alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist to reduce pupil size, administered as an eye drop. It works by blocking alpha-1 adrenergic receptors on the iris dilator muscle. Phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75% is designed to reduce pupil diameter through a sympatholytic mechanism of action that avoids engaging the ciliary muscle. Phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75% is currently approved in the U.S. for the treatment of pharmacologically-induced mydriasis produced by adrenergic agonists (e.g., phenylephrine) or parasympatholytic (e.g., tropicamide) agents; and has successfully completed a Phase 3 program for presbyopia (VEGA clinical program), and is being evaluated in a Phase 3 program for the treatment of dim (mesopic) light vision disturbances (sometimes referred to as DLD) after keratorefractive surgery (LYNX clinical program). About Opus Genetics Opus Genetics is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing gene therapies to restore vision and prevent blindness in patients with inherited retinal diseases (IRDs). The Company is developing durable, one-time treatments designed to address the underlying genetic causes of severe retinal disorders. The Company’s pipeline includes seven AAV-based programs, led by OPGx-LCA5 for LCA5-related mutations and OPGx-BEST1 for BEST1-related retinal degeneration, with additional candidates targeting RDH12, MERTK, RHO, CNGB1 and NMNAT1. The Company is based in Research Triangle Park, NC. For more information, visit . Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains certain statements that are not statements of historical fact and are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the following words: “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “aim,” “may,” “ongoing,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “strive,” “will,” “would” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements related to the Company’s commercialization and future plans for phentolamine ophthalmic solution 0.75%, the Company’s belief in the strength of its clinical and regulatory teams, the Company’s commitment to advancing innovative ophthalmic therapies that address unmet patient needs, and the Company’s expectations regarding its business prospects and results of operations. The forward-looking statements contained herein are subject to certain risks and uncertainties posed by many factors and events that could cause the Company’s actual business, prospects and results of operations to differ materially from those anticipated by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those described under the heading “Risk Factors” included in the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2026, and in the Company’s other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this press release. These forward-looking statements are based upon the Company’s current expectations and involve assumptions that may never materialize or may prove to be incorrect. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of various risks and uncertainties. The Company undertakes no obligation to revise any forward-looking statements in order to reflect events or circumstances that might subsequently arise. Contacts: Investors Jenny Kobin Remy Bernarda IR Advisory Solutions ir@opusgtx.com Media Kimberly Ha KKH Advisors 917-291-5744 kimberly.ha@kkhadvisors.com

Phase 3Clinical ResultLicense out/inDrug Approval

100 Deals associated with Phentolamine Mesylate

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00509	Phentolamine Mesylate	V03AB36 C04AB01	DB00692

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Presbyopia	United States	Viatris, Inc.	16 Oct 2026
Mydriasis	United States	Famy Life Sciences Pvt Ltd.	25 Sep 2023
Erectile Dysfunction	China	Shanghai Fudan Forward Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.	01 Jan 1989
Diagnostic agents	Japan	Novartis Pharma KK	28 Oct 1958
Anesthesia	United States	Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp.	30 Jan 1952

Developing

10 top R&D records.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Night Blindness	Phase 3	United States	Opus Genetics, Inc.	27 Apr 2023
Vision, Low	Phase 3	United States	Opus Genetics, Inc.	30 Dec 2020
Glaucoma, Open-Angle	Phase 2	United States	Opus Genetics, Inc.	28 May 2019
Blindness	Phase 2	United States	Opus Genetics, Inc.	01 Aug 2007

Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

View All Results

Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT01703559 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Night Blindness \| Blindness	60	Phentolamine Mesylate Ophthalmic Solution Vehicle (Placebo) (Placebo)	eegodrscmv = xfhbnokzbm jitgkyfiek (fpjflwprsv, ygiopkoxwe - gqgqptlppe) View more	-	08 Oct 2026
				Phentolamine Mesylate Ophthalmic Solution 0.5% (Phentolamine Mesylate Ophthalmic Solution 0.5%)	eegodrscmv = qmgfjcyjzy jitgkyfiek (fpjflwprsv, jrdayvmjdh - ehzfbejypf) View more
NCT06542497 (VEGA-3, CTgov)	Phase 3	Presbyopia	569	0.75% phentolamine ophthalmic solution (0.75% Phentolamine Ophthalmic Solution)	nuugzrgeie = umnijmnuyt arudzljnyt (gepjuowjqv, wvltekarsq - zgayaerkmd) View more	-	17 Aug 2026
				Placebo (Phentolamine Ophthalmic Solution Vehicle)	nuugzrgeie = jwxxidtzbl arudzljnyt (gepjuowjqv, nvxbcorqcl - rzpmadgeht) View more
VEGA-3 (ARVO2026)	Phase 3	Presbyopia	569	0.75% Phentolamine Ophthalmic Solution	yxtdlginak(inestrrsij) = neptjqtylt izawbwvlxx (zpxvjofwmi )	Positive	03 May 2026
				Placebo	yxtdlginak(inestrrsij) = ptgfmhfyrr izawbwvlxx (zpxvjofwmi )
NCT04620213 \| NCT05134974 \| NCT05223478 (MIRA-2, Pubmed \| Clin Ophthalmol)	Phase 3	Mydriasis	68	0.75% phentolamine ophthalmic solution	efhxxxjcjv(powgfukbwx) = Mean time to recovery to ≤0.2 mm of baseline PD was more than 5 hours faster with POS. vghefpkkcv (ynktuvgdbj ) View more	Positive	01 Feb 2026
				placebo
NCT06542497 (VEGA-3, Company_Website) Manual	Phase 3	Presbyopia	545	Phentolamine Ophthalmic Solution 0.75%	yaqjjxmzsi(opydewodos) = mxbcnzmkxo wwhkqtqrie (ywfyyranli ) Met View more	Positive	26 Jun 2025
				Placebo	yaqjjxmzsi(opydewodos) = snohhfuhve wwhkqtqrie (ywfyyranli ) Met View more
NCT05646719 (VEGA-2, CTgov)	Phase 3	Presbyopia	333	Phentolamine Opthalmic Solution 0.75%+Low dose pilocarpine (Nyxol + Low Dose Pilocarpine)	jtfmrsookc = zbngxqvaan sawvtduyos (qpcimvmkiw, mfxlhcnqbo - eujmcsusiq) View more	-	03 Jun 2025
				Low dose pilocarpine vehicle+Phentolamine Opthalmic Solution 0.75% (Nyxol + Low Dose Pilocarpine Vehicle)	jtfmrsookc = jiahilrjwz sawvtduyos (qpcimvmkiw, mhekjzhfed - vwxftnqotd) View more
NCT04638660 (LYNX-1, ARVO2025)	Phase 3	Vision, Low	25	0.75% phentolamine ophthalmic solution (POS)	qsmrsvhamo(itpaharqge) = pmbntgvaxi gsiqjhvgdy (vplpwrhdvn ) View more	Positive	04 May 2025
				Placebo	eqbfpkseev(pfgrampizw) = hfgyczdwhh awzituvxos (ekhivdgrir )
NCT04620213 \| NCT05134974 (MIRA-3, Literature) Manual	Phase 3	Mydriasis	553	phentolamine	uvozgoyxxl(jhjxtclkmz) = tygvzlnsnk rankhhyknh (smugilxiqy )	Positive	16 Sep 2024
				placebo	uvozgoyxxl(jhjxtclkmz) = auetkvqoar rankhhyknh (smugilxiqy )
NCT04004507 (SNV, CTgov)	Phase 2	Night Blindness \| Blindness	24	Phentolamine Mesylate Ophthalmic Solution 1% (Phentolamine Mesylate Ophthalmic Solution 1%)	lidqnbvyih(hqmvkikqgq) = ealaybthva hgdrvgtiru (jolluhrign, 1.8) View more	-	15 Feb 2024
				Phentolamine Mesylate Ophthalmic Solution Vehicle (Placebo) (Phentolamine Mesylate Ophthalmic Solution Vehicle)	lidqnbvyih(hqmvkikqgq) = ncymrmnerc hgdrvgtiru (jolluhrign, 1.5) View more
NCT04620213 \| NCT05134974 (MIRA-3, FDA) Manual	Phase 3	Mydriasis	553	Ryzumvi (MIRA-2)	alryyjhqqe(arqqwhgbxv) = fjnkfvatae zftvpvhgeh (krqswomhbm )	Positive	25 Sep 2023
				Placebo (MIRA-2)	alryyjhqqe(arqqwhgbxv) = xxqqrwnoff zftvpvhgeh (krqswomhbm )

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