Delving into the Latest Updates on Nicotine with Synapse

Overview

Basic Info

Drug Type

Small molecule drug

Synonyms

(S)-(−)-nicotine, (S)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine, (S)-3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine

+ [33]

Target

Muscle-type nAChRs

Action

agonists

Mechanism

Muscle-type nAChRs agonists(Muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists)

Therapeutic Areas

Other DiseasesNeoplasmsRespiratory Diseases

Active Indication

Smoking CessationTobacco Use DisorderNicotine Dependence+ [2]

Inactive Indication

Acral Lentiginous Malignant MelanomaDyskinesia, Drug-InducedParkinson Disease

Originator Organization

Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Active Organization

Chattem, Inc.

Shanghai Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Ltd.

Alfresa Pharma Corp.

+ [8]

Inactive Organization

Haleon Plc

Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

+ [5]

License Organization-

Drug Highest PhaseApproved

First Approval Date

United States (13 Jan 1984),

Nicotine Dependence

Regulation-

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Structure/Sequence

Molecular FormulaC10H14N2

InChIKeySNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N

CAS Registry54-11-5

The overarching goal of this program of research is to reduce smoking-related health disparities by increasing smoking cessation among Black adults. The goal of this research proposal is to determine whether more intensive, culturally specific, evidence-based interventions are more effective at promoting long-term cessation and other key patient-centered outcomes compared to the usual evidence-based standard of care: services provided by a state-run quitline. This study compares the relative effectiveness of three different treatments (Standard, Intensive, and Intensive Incentivized) on long-term smoking cessation (biochemically confirmed abstinence from combusted tobacco at 26-weeks post-target quit day) among Black adults who smoke and want to quit.

Start Date01 Jun 2026

Sponsor / Collaborator

University of Wisconsin-Madison

[+1]

NCT06334016

/ Not yet recruitingEarly Phase 1IIT

Acute Effects of Sequential Nicotine Vaping on the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Vaped THC: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Within-Subject Crossover Study

This clinical trial assesses differences in the delivery of THC to the bloodstream depending on whether nicotine vapes are used before or after THC. While there has been much recent publicity about vaping products and concern about their safety considering their increasing use for THC administration, the THC delivery profile associated with THC liquid vaping products in human subjects is currently unknown. Importantly, how the delivery to the bloodstream of THC vaping liquids compare to delivery from smoked cannabis, which is the most used method of cannabis delivery, will serve as an important benchmark for evaluating the delivery and effects of THC vaping products, and their relative safety.

Start Date15 May 2026

Sponsor / Collaborator

Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center

[+1]

NCT06811038

/ Not yet recruitingPhase 3IIT

Providing Nicotine Replacement Therapy to Enhance the Efficacy of a Smoking Cessation Smartphone App for Hispanic Adults

This phase III trial compares a smartphone application with or without nicotine replacement therapy in improving smoking cessation among Hispanic adults who would like to quit smoking. The iCanQuit smartphone application focuses on skills for managing urges, motivation, and relapse prevention with personalized quit plans. Nicotine replacement therapy works by giving small, steady doses of nicotine to help stop cravings and relieve symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking without any of the other harmful chemicals found in tobacco products.

Start Date01 May 2026

Sponsor / Collaborator

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center

[+1]

100 Clinical Results associated with Nicotine

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100 Translational Medicine associated with Nicotine

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100 Patents (Medical) associated with Nicotine

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38,115

Literatures (Medical) associated with Nicotine

01 Jul 2026·HEART & LUNG

Impact of electronic cigarette use on blood pressure: A systematic review

Review

Author: Daher, Elizabeth de Francesco ; Barros Pereira, Eanes Delgado ; Rodrigues, Cibele Isaac Saad ; Dos Reis Saraiva Falcão, Sandra Nívea ; Amorim, Letícia Pinheiro ; Aragão Monteiro, Luana Souza ; de Oliveira, Álvaro Ryan Matos ; Nogueira, Guilherme Nobre ; de Lima, Jonatha Marcelino ; Braga, Luana Darc de Menezes

BACKGROUND:

The use of electronic cigarettes has increased significantly. Initially marketed as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, these devices have sparked growing concerns about their impact on cardiovascular health, particularly in contributing to the rise in hypertension.

OBJECTIVES:

The objective is to review the available evidence on the effects of electronic cigarettes on blood pressure (BP) and other cardiovascular outcomes.

METHODS:

This is a systematic review conducted in accordance with PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines, including observational and randomized clinical trials comparing electronic cigarette users with non-users or traditional cigarette users. Participant demographics, intervention characteristics, device usage duration, and primary outcomes were evaluated.

RESULTS:

The systematic review analyzed data from seven studies exploring the relationship between electronic cigarette use and hypertension. The findings revealed consistent evidence of adverse effects on BP and other cardiovascular outcomes. The primary outcomes included changes in systolic and diastolic BP, while secondary outcomes focused on other cardiovascular effects such as heart rate. Data synthesis considered study quality, population heterogeneity, and confounding factors like concurrent nicotine use.

CONCLUSION:

Contrary to the widespread belief that electronic cigarettes are a healthier alternative to traditional smoking, current evidence suggests significant adverse cardiovascular effects, including an increased risk of hypertension. This finding is critical for public health authorities when formulating guidelines and strategies to regulate nicotine-containing electronic devices.

01 Jun 2026·TOXICOLOGY

Nicotine drives acute epithelial injury in region-specific human airway models at the air-liquid interface after e-cigarette aerosol exposure

Article

Author: Kose, Ozge ; Pourchez, Jérémie ; Mercier, Clément

Electronic cigarette aerosols are complex mixtures whose respiratory toxicity depends on formulation chemistry and regional deposition. This study investigated how nicotine presence, nicotine protonation state, and propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin (PG/VG) ratio shape acute epithelial injury under controlled air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure. Well-defined e-liquid formulations differing in PG/VG ratio (70/30 or 30/70, w/w), nicotine concentration (0 or 20 mg/mL), and nicotine form (freebase or salicylic-acid salt) were aerosolized using a fourth-generation pod-based device and delivered at the ALI to human epithelial models representing the pharynx (Detroit 562), bronchi (Calu-3), and distal-airway (NCI-H441, alveolar type II-like). Cells were exposed to low and high aerosol doses corresponding to 2 and 20 puffs, resulting in deposited surface doses of approximately 33 and 330 µg/cm², respectively, as quantified gravimetrically. Cytotoxicity, epithelial barrier integrity, and inflammatory signaling were assessed 24 h post-exposure. Nicotine emerged as the primary driver of acute epithelial injury. Toxicity was modulated by formulation chemistry: freebase nicotine elicited more pronounced barrier-disruptive responses than the corresponding nicotine salt, while nicotine salts induced comparatively modest inflammatory signaling. PG-rich formulations amplified toxicity, particularly in distal airway-like cells. In contrast, pharyngeal epithelial cells remained largely unresponsive under identical conditions. Pro-inflammatory responses, assessed by interleukin-8 release, were limited and observed at high deposited doses. Overall, these findings demonstrate that acute e-cigarette aerosol toxicity under ALI conditions is nicotine-driven and influenced by nicotine speciation, solvent composition, and airway region, highlighting the importance of region-specific ALI models and surface-based dosimetry for toxicological assessment of inhaled products.

01 Jun 2026·Toxicology reports

Fatal nicotine poisoning with an extremely high first available serum nicotine concentration and serial nicotine/cotinine measurements: A case report

Article

Author: Hattori, Tomonori ; Kanno, Sanae ; Miyazaki, Yuka ; Iwai, Kenji ; Ito, Takuya ; Monma-Otaki, Jun ; Matsui, Ryohei

Human toxicokinetic data after massive nicotine exposure are scarce, and the relationship between circulating nicotine kinetics and organ-specific pathophysiology remains poorly understood, particularly in the post-cardiac arrest setting. We report a fatal case of a 36-year-old woman found collapsed with an empty 100-mL nicotine e-liquid bottle labeled 100 mg/mL (propylene glycol solvent) at the scene; the ingested volume and emesis were unknown. She was in asystolic cardiac arrest on emergency medical services arrival and achieved sustained return of spontaneous circulation after prolonged resuscitation. The first available serum nicotine concentration obtained on emergency department presentation was extremely high (6569.1 ng/mL). Serial measurements showed a marked decline in nicotine with rising cotinine, consistent with substantial metabolic conversion; however, toxicokinetic interpretation is constrained by sparse sampling under post-cardiac arrest physiology and potential hemodilution secondary to resuscitation. Early non-contrast head CT demonstrated diffuse cerebral edema, consistent with severe global hypoxic-ischemic injury; no nicotine-specific attribution for neurological outcome can be made in the absence of supportive biomarkers, electrophysiology, or neuropathology and given uncertainty in exposure timing. Endoscopy demonstrated acute gastric erosions without evidence of corrosive injury and with rapid healing. This case provides a detailed clinical and toxicological record of suspected massive nicotine exposure in a complex post-cardiac arrest setting, including serial nicotine/cotinine profiles and early organ-specific findings, with subsequent organ donation.

222

News (Medical) associated with Nicotine

08 Apr 2026

·www.einpresswire.com

New National Study Reveals Nearly Half of Canadian Youth Combine Substance Use and Sex

LetsStopAIDS Sex Lives Report 2026 calls for harm-reduction strategies, open dialogue and youth-centred education For HIV prevention TORONTO, CANADA, April 8, 2026 / EINPresswire.com / -- LetsStopAIDS , Canada’s leading youth-led HIV charity dedicated to prevention and education, has released its 2026 Sex Lives Report , revealing new insights into how substance use intersects with sexual behaviour among young Canadians. The findings highlight how alcohol, cannabis and other substances can influence consent, risk perception and HIV prevention. Conducted in partnership with Ipsos Canada and San Patten Associates, the national study surveyed 1,111 sexually active Canadians aged 18–24. The report found that nearly half of young Canadians have combined substance use with sex. While many report doing so occasionally, the findings underscore the need for modern, non-judgmental approaches to sexual health education that reflect young people’s lived experiences. Key findings from the report include: 47% of young Canadians report combining substance use and sex, most commonly alcohol, cannabis, nicotine and tobacco. 76% of sexually active youth report never or inconsistently using condoms, with 3 in 10 youth (28%) never using a condom. Over half of sexually active youth have never been tested for HIV or STIs, despite modest improvements in testing rates. HIV diagnoses among youth who tested positive for an STI or HIV have increased by 10% since 2022. Among youth who combine substances and sex, 70% report using some form of HIV prevention strategy, such as condoms, PrEP or PEP. 1 in 10 youth reported difficulty giving or receiving consent when substances were involved, highlighting the need for accessible education and harm-reduction strategies. “Substance use is already part of many young people’s social environments, including their sexual experiences,” said Shamin Mohamed Jr., Founder and President of LetsStopAIDS. “What this report shows is that youth are navigating complex decisions about pleasure, connection and safety. Our responsibility is to provide accurate information, supportive resources and judgment-free spaces that help them make informed choices and protect their health.” LetsStopAIDS says the findings reinforce the need for harm-reduction-based sexual health education that addresses substance use, consent and HIV prevention together. The organization is calling for: Comprehensive, sex-positive education that addresses substance use, consent and HIV prevention Low-barrier access to testing, prevention tools and youth-friendly services Peer-led conversations and youth leadership programs that empower young Canadians to discuss sexual health openly Greater awareness of HIV prevention options, including condoms, PrEP, PEP and routine testing The 2026 Sex Lives Report builds on previous LetsStopAIDS research examining condom use, HIV awareness and testing behaviour among youth. By exploring how substance use intersects with sexual health decisions, the report provides new insights to help inform policies, education strategies and prevention programs across Canada. For more information or to download the full 2026 Sex Lives Report, visit sexlivesreport.ca About LetsStopAIDS LetsStopAIDS is Canada’s largest youth-driven charity focused on HIV prevention and knowledge exchange. Founded in 2004 by then 15-year-old Shamin Mohamed Jr., LetsStopAIDS inspires youth in Canada and globally to play a meaningful role in ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Through its numerous programs, LetsStopAIDS inspires young people affected by HIV to take action within their local communities, striving to achieve zero new Youth-HIV infections. Learn more at www.LetsStopAIDS.org . MEDIA CONTACTS Dessy Danishwar, Media Relations, Swerve Strategic 905.805.1024 DDanishwar@swervestrategic.com Gerson Scheidweiler, Executive Advisor, LetsStopAIDS 416 231-2333 ext. 450 gsf@letsstopaids.org Dessy Danishwar Swerve Strategic +1 905-805-1024 email us here Legal Disclaimer: EIN Presswire provides this news content "as is" without warranty of any kind. We do not accept any responsibility or liability for the accuracy, content, images, videos, licenses, completeness, legality, or reliability of the information contained in this article. If you have any complaints or copyright issues related to this article, kindly contact the author above.

01 Apr 2026

·www.drugs.com

Nicotine E-Cigarettes Help Smokers Quit, Review Concludes

WEDNESDAY, April 1, 2026 — E-cigarettes loaded with nicotine can help people quit smoking , a new evidence review has concluded. Nicotine vapes produce quit rates 20% to 40% higher than traditional nicotine replacement therapies like patches or gum, researchers recently reported in the journal Addiction . “We set out to determine if scientists agree on whether nicotine e-cigarettes help people quit smoking,” said senior researcher Jamie Hartmann-Boyce , an assistant professor of health policy and management at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. “Based on the consistency of the findings here, it’s clear that they do,” she said in a news release. For the new study, researchers analyzed data pooled from 14 previous reviews covering 109 studies conducted between 2014 and 2023. Every pooled estimate pointed in the same direction, researchers said – smokers using nicotine e-cigarettes were more likely to quit than those using most other methods. The effectiveness of e-cigarettes might stem from the way they’re used, as well as the nicotine they deliver, Hartmann-Boyce said. “If you look at neuro-imaging studies, the addiction often isn’t just to the nicotine,” she said. “There are the sensory cues around it that really feed into those addiction pathways. Vaping fulfills some of those cues in a way that a patch doesn’t.” For example, smokers receive a throat hit from puffing on a vape like that from a tobacco cigarette, perform the same hand-to-mouth motion to take a drag and have a visible exhale similar to smoking, researchers said. However, nicotine also plays a significant role. Results showed that nicotine e-cigarettes performed even better when compared to non-nicotine quit strategies or placebo devices, with quit rates at least 46% higher. Nicotine e-cigarettes also pose a lower hazard to those around the smoker, Hartmann-Boyce said. “It’s not just the person who smokes who is affected by their smoking,” she said. “It’s the people around them who are affected by secondhand smoke, and secondhand vaping is nowhere near as harmful as secondhand smoking either.” Nevertheless, Hartmann-Boyce warned that e-cigarettes aren’t automatically the best option to quit smoking for every person. Some might not respond as well as others. It’s also not known how well nicotine vapes would fare compared to newer prescription drugs like varenicline (Chantix), which help smokers quit by binding to nicotine receptors in the brain, Hartmann-Boyce said. “We don’t have enough studies to compare these drugs to nicotine e-cigarettes to say whether one is better than the other for helping people quit smoking,” she said. Nicotine e-cigarettes also remain a risk for people who’ve never smoked, as the vapes might get someone hooked on nicotine, researchers said. “The primary concern about e-cigarettes is their use among people who don’t smoke and wouldn’t have otherwise smoked,” Hartmann-Boyce said. “That doesn’t mean these devices don’t help people quit smoking.” Sources University of Massachusetts Amherst, news release, March 27, 2026

29 Mar 2026

·www.sciencedaily.com

Scientists say the evidence is clear: E-cigarettes beat patches and gum in helping smokers quit

Nicotine e-cigarettes may be one of the most effective tools yet for quitting smoking, according to a sweeping review of global research. By analyzing findings from 14 major reviews spanning nearly a decade, researchers found consistent, high-quality evidence showing that nicotine vapes outperform traditional methods like patches, gum, and even behavioral support. While some lower-quality studies produced mixed results, the strongest data clearly favored nicotine e-cigarettes.A comprehensive review of global research on smoking cessation suggests that e-cigarettes containing nicotine may help more people quit smoking than other commonly used methods. These include nicotine replacement therapy (nicotine patches, gum, lozenges, etc.) as well as non-nicotine e-cigarettes and behavioral support programs. The analysis brings together findings from multiple systematic reviews to provide a clearer picture of what works best for quitting smoking. In total, researchers combined results from fourteen systematic reviews conducted between 2014 and 2023, making the evidence easier to interpret and compare. Strongest Evidence Favors Nicotine E-Cigarettes When focusing on the highest-quality studies, the results consistently show that nicotine e-cigarettes lead to higher quit rates than other approaches. In contrast, lower-quality studies produced less consistent and more uncertain findings. Overall, the most reliable evidence points to nicotine e-cigarettes outperforming nicotine replacement therapy, non-nicotine e-cigarettes, and other alternatives. As part of the project, researchers developed an 'Evidence and Gap Map' (EGM) to highlight areas where more research is needed. Currently, there are no high-quality systematic reviews directly comparing nicotine e-cigarettes with treatments such as cytisine, bupropion, or nicotine pouches. Evidence comparing e-cigarettes with varenicline is also very limited, based on just one small study with a high risk of bias. The EGM also indicates that evidence on serious adverse events linked to e-cigarettes remains uncertain. In addition, most of the available data comes from high-income countries. Researchers emphasize the need for future studies to better track potential risks and to include populations from low-and middle-income countries. Researchers Say Evidence Is Clear Lead author Dr. Angela Difeng Wu, Senior Researcher and Lecturer at the Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, says "We hope this overview and Evidence and Gap Map can lay to rest some claims that evidence is 'mixed' regarding the impacts of nicotine e-cigarettes on smoking abstinence. In fact, the evidence is clear and consistent across all of the meta-analyses we consulted: e-cigarettes are effective at helping people stop smoking." This research work was funded by Cancer Research UK, Grant Number PRCPJT‐Nov22/100012.

Clinical Result

100 Deals associated with Nicotine

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External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D03365	Nicotine	N07BA01	DB00184

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Smoking Cessation	South Korea	SAEHAN PHARM	28 Aug 2007
Tobacco Use Disorder	Australia	Johnson & Johnson Pacific Pty Ltd.	27 Nov 2001
Nicotine Dependence	United States	Haleon US Capital LLC	13 Jan 1984

Developing

10 top R&D records.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Acral Lentiginous Malignant Melanoma	Phase 3	United States	McNeil AB	01 Mar 2011
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced	Phase 2	United States	Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	01 Oct 2009
Parkinson Disease	Phase 2	United States	Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	01 Oct 2009
Lung Cancer	Phase 1	United States	Pfizer Inc.	16 Jun 2017
disorder of aging	Preclinical	China	The Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology	07 Feb 2023

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Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

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Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT06051474 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Smoking Cessation \| Smoking \| Nicotine Dependence	23	Nicotine Replacement Product	izojyijfnj = llpjhvqbjv bluflnebcm (cdiwzzogtg, pmbgjscjhp - qgockpltnq) View more	-	16 Apr 2026
NCT03652740 (CTgov)	Phase 1	-	25	Placebo+Nicotine+Methylphenidate (Caffeine Chooser)	ktxuypwvoz(ynbkhrxgsn) = ltyreszuwy ufwlgzqroa (uvywhclfnv, 1.20) View more	-	02 Feb 2026
				Placebo+Nicotine+Methylphenidate (Caffeine Non-Chooser)	ktxuypwvoz(ynbkhrxgsn) = rtxslqunqa ufwlgzqroa (uvywhclfnv, 0.60) View more
NCT04965181 (CTgov)	Not Applicable	Smoking	504	Mindfulness-Based Addiction Treatment+Nicotine Replacement Therapy (Mindfulness-based Addiction Treatment (MBAT) + iQuit Mindfully)	jkddrjdklx = hkikxezpro ghglhldpgs (npxvqaamxr, tsmajwiuho - xijzowdwwi) View more	-	30 Dec 2025
				Self-help materials+Nicotine Replacement Therapy (iQuit Mindfully)	jkddrjdklx = pfwrjjrotr ghglhldpgs (npxvqaamxr, qaazpysyqo - mfkvlqtszb) View more
NCT06289192 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Lung Cancer \| Tobacco Use Disorder	5	Lung Cancer Screening+Nicotine Replacement Product	jwaqnzpnmq = rseydykkop dqvihenqyp (wcypydyrxw, vbyzgpoiot - mohobagfak) View more	-	10 Sep 2025
NCT04038255 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Neoplasms	20	Self-help smoking cessation materials+Nicoderm (Usual Care)	ywprmkqkww = ozhulaxfpg umpahkkwib (lggtsrxzoe, ptcumxolje - coojwdvhmq) View more	-	09 Sep 2025
				Craving-to-Quit app+Nicoderm (Craving-to-Quit App)	ywprmkqkww = nvtbrcicqq umpahkkwib (lggtsrxzoe, ewhlmhnquw - uxijcitjud) View more
NCT04590404 (CTgov)	Phase 3	Smoking	606	Metabolism Informed Smoking Treatment (Nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR)-based selection of pharmacotherapy)+Nicotine Replacement Therapy+Varenicline	sfkqqvnqdp = nhmykzderu nyvmgsgnio (vudunwrsoa, bnyemayqgk - ojwffdhyjo) View more	-	05 Jun 2025
NCT05030766 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Smoking Cessation \| HIV Infections \| Smoking	95	Nicotine replacement patches (Mindfulness Training (MT) and NRT (Phase 1))	mauleevjck = hlpvtanlzn tgjtikdjoh (foddkwguxy, mloxhyghba - kaysyxyamt) View more	-	04 Jun 2025
				Nicotine replacement patches+NRT (Contingency Management (CM) and NRT (Phase 1))	mauleevjck = ejhcgotcov tgjtikdjoh (foddkwguxy, gagxoqjyqp - lrkajdmtnk) View more
NCT04946825 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Smoking Cessation \| Nicotine Dependence	396	Nicotine replacement therapy patch+Continue electronic cigarettes (Quit Cigarettes, But Continue Using E-cigarettes, With Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Text Support)	dvjxauhsjd = xthhhmmndu yhtwulkzdv (tmgzunalad, qgxdlukwih - fosbavhtrb) View more	-	22 May 2025
				Nicotine replacement therapy patch+Quit electronic cigarettes (Quit Cigarettes and Quit E-cigarettes With Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Text Support.)	dvjxauhsjd = ekxvqnawfy yhtwulkzdv (tmgzunalad, vqcykpwcez - lsmkmicbpu) View more
NCT02265874 (CTgov)	Phase 1/2	Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary	50	Habitrol (Treatment)	sgbysqdtwd(ipmtkfhsxv) = kyfkzklpei yuyjzhzjgm (afrjtrqido, 0.22) View more	-	24 Apr 2025
				Placebo to Habitrol (Control)	sgbysqdtwd(ipmtkfhsxv) = jkokahaepo yuyjzhzjgm (afrjtrqido, 0.04) View more
NCT04994444 (CTgov)	Phase 2/3	Smoking Cessation	49	Nicoderm CQ (Preloading)	lfbqzvnyvq(ppaqjmzrfr) = jiczrnimth cisozenalu (bqcxzhgvtr, 13.2) View more	-	06 Apr 2025
				Nicoderm CQ (Standard Treatment)	lfbqzvnyvq(ppaqjmzrfr) = dfcbxyuxny cisozenalu (bqcxzhgvtr, 21.8) View more