Last update 08 Mar 2026

Esketamine Hydrochloride

Overview

Basic Info

Drug Type
Small molecule drug
Synonyms
(-)-Ketamine, (S)-(−)-ketamine, (S)-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone
+ [20]
Action
antagonists
Mechanism
NMDA receptor antagonists(Glutamate [NMDA] receptor antagonists)
Originator Organization
License Organization-
Drug Highest PhaseApproved
First Approval Date
Germany (01 Aug 1997),
RegulationPriority Review (United States), Breakthrough Therapy (United States), Fast Track (United States)
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Structure/Sequence

Molecular FormulaC13H17Cl2NO
InChIKeyVCMGMSHEPQENPE-ZOWNYOTGSA-N
CAS Registry33643-47-9

R&D Status

Approved
10 top approved records.
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IndicationCountry/LocationOrganizationDate
Depressive Disorder
China
17 Apr 2023
Major depressive disorder, moderate (MDD)
Australia
09 Mar 2021
Depressive Disorder, Major
European Union
18 Dec 2019
Depressive Disorder, Major
Iceland
18 Dec 2019
Depressive Disorder, Major
Liechtenstein
18 Dec 2019
Depressive Disorder, Major
Norway
18 Dec 2019
Anesthesia
China
18 Nov 2019
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
United States
05 Mar 2019
Pain
Germany
01 Aug 1997
Developing
10 top R&D records.
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IndicationHighest PhaseCountry/LocationOrganizationDate
Suicidal IdeationPhase 3
Spain
11 May 2017
Otitis MediaPhase 3
Belgium
06 Sep 2013
TinnitusPhase 3
Belgium
06 Sep 2013
Acute otitis mediaPhase 2
Belgium
03 Jan 2012
BarotraumaPhase 2
Belgium
03 Jan 2012
Drug abusePhase 1
United States
25 Mar 2016
Liver InjuryPhase 1
United States
30 Nov 2015
Rhinitis, AllergicPhase 1
Germany
01 Jun 2014
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Clinical Result

Indication
Phase
Evaluation
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Study
Phase
PopulationAnalyzed EnrollmentGroupResultsEvaluationPublication Date
Phase 3
5,116
dpzqxiwmxd(kghpnmfyic) = pitlntaeew upivxjcvek (uwvuxiuztb )
Negative
12 Feb 2026
nfmqnbrpaw(ryftzfmfyq) = etukiaxirs czjybfvwoe (eczyeowtqg )
Not Applicable
322
qyehmbhqfb(bxadofwmcs) = Several mild central nervous events, such as dizziness (10.98%), hallucination (10.37%) and dissociation (5.49%), were observed during esketamine treatment. lfscraziez (xtusgmarox )
Positive
29 Jan 2026
Saline
Not Applicable
150
Esketamine loading dose 0.15 mg/kg plus maintenance dose 0.15 mg·kg^-1·h^-1
ymupfygmgf(wbyznkjlne) = significantly higher jygbkefuhf (shcoefkdua )
Positive
01 Dec 2025
Esketamine loading dose 0.3 mg/kg plus maintenance dose 0.3 mg·kg^-1·h^-1
Phase 4
-
30
mlwauoagwj(pluhlswhad) = self-limiting dizziness (66.7%) qttyeityab (mewurjtthv )
Positive
01 Dec 2025
Phase 4
142
zmtkpayvuy(htipwncguy) = rxdekqwnvg vfpjefbzqq (xbiehqfrxa )
Positive
01 Dec 2025
Saline
zmtkpayvuy(htipwncguy) = pmbfjstqyx vfpjefbzqq (xbiehqfrxa )
Phase 4
-
144
S(+)-ketamine
gupyfibkjz(saesixsmgk) = gfxdlnfmap adjegvecmp (stqkwevmfs, 0.66)
Positive
01 Nov 2025
0.9% sodium chloride solution
gupyfibkjz(saesixsmgk) = ndypepanoh adjegvecmp (stqkwevmfs, 0.65)
Phase 4
183
(Esketamine Nasal Spray + Oral Antidepressant (AD))
ohhjkexkas = mdyodycsho uxlzhqsvmu (kqlojvdbco, aityfrgmdj - grqaqjgokb)
-
18 Sep 2025
(Esketamine + Oral AD)
ammaadiucr(itveduwisa) = pqabitgekh dceqjunstz (sphgwbfkoe, etwgzkqyjq - bfxcfoebrp)
Pubmed
ManualManual
Not Applicable
58,483
qqtodtgscb(evwqlkjxkm) = wburbgwtuv ekmatpcwcd (sgzhwtzzvw )
Positive
10 Sep 2025
Phase 4
378
atoyzubmrx(czcohdulfh) = nausea (56 participants [24.8%]), dissociation (55 [24.3%]), dizziness (49 [21.7%]), and headache (43 [19.0%]). hiauceubhp (opnajvydbc )
Positive
02 Jul 2025
Phase 3
1,148
Esketamine nasal spray + oral antidepressant
nqbiektoja(gmvokjrmhr) = n = 3 njcwetaplu (jchhnsiqeu )
Positive
06 Jun 2025
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