Novel Off-label Use of Desipramine in Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy: Targeting the Sphingolipid Metabolism Pathway to Reduce Accumulation of Ceramide.

This is a research study to find out if clinically prescribed desipramine is effective at improving the symptoms and slowing the progression of Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy (INAD) in affected children.
Participants will receive an initial oral dose of study drug once a day. This dose may be changed depending on response to study drug Clinically collected data will be recorded for up to 5 years. Investigators will also ask for participant permission to obtain a sample of child's skin biopsy from unused clinical sample previously collected for standard of care.

Start Date14 Jan 2019

Sponsor / Collaborator

Duke University

NCT03548454

/ RecruitingPhase 4IIT

Comparing Effectiveness of Duloxetine and Desipramine in Patients With Chronic Pain: A Pragmatic Trial Using Point of Care Randomization

Over 100 million Americans suffer from chronic pain resulting in annual cost of roughly $635 billion. Limited treatments are available for this widespread disease. The data supporting these treatments lack generalizability to patients with more serious medical and psychological comorbidities who are often excluded from explanatory efficacy trials. Our work aims to integrate randomized comparative effectiveness research with patient care. The investigators will randomize the patients and collect data using an open-source learning healthcare system already in use in our department to monitor patients' progress: Collaborative Health Outcomes Information Registry (CHOIR). Collaborative Health Outcomes Information Registry uses the National Institute of Health Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System item banks for comparative metrics through computer adaptive testing. The investigators will leverage the advantage of this novel system to compare effectiveness of duloxetine and desipramine in decreasing pain in patients with chronic pain. The investigators will also compare adherence of patients to these two commonly used medications over a period of six months. This will evaluate feasibility of integrating randomized comparative effectiveness research with patient care in subspecialty clinics. Collaborative Health Outcomes Information Registry can then be applied for numerous future trials to advance our knowledge in perioperative and pain medicine.

Start Date20 Sep 2018

Sponsor / Collaborator

Stanford University

IRCT20160813029315N2

/ CompletedPhase 2/3IIT

Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial testing the efficacy of desipramine in reducing craving in patients with methamphetamine use disorder

Start Date03 Jun 2016

Sponsor / Collaborator-

100 Clinical Results associated with Desipramine Hydrochloride

100 Translational Medicine associated with Desipramine Hydrochloride

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Desipramine Hydrochloride

11,514

Literatures (Medical) associated with Desipramine Hydrochloride

01 Oct 2025·TALANTA

Dimethyl itaconate: An effective antioxidant for promoting angiogenesis under oxidative stress

Article

Author: Zhang, Miaomiao ; Liu, Yicong ; Liu, Suzhen ; Li, Zongjia ; Song, Chunli ; Tang, Jilin

Angiogenesis is an important physiological process in the human body. When ischemic diseases occur, the ischemic and hypoxic environment induces excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells, which inhibits angiogenesis and leads to poor prognosis. Therefore, finding antioxidants that can eliminate excessive ROS to promote angiogenesis is crucial for the treatment of ischemic diseases. In this work, we investigate the antioxidant effects of dimethyl itaconate (DMI) by using an oxidative stress model in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our results demonstrate that DMI significantly reduces excessive ROS in cells under oxidative stress. DMI could protect mechanical properties of HUVECs from oxidative stress. The Young's modulus of HUVECs was 10.0 ± 1.4 kPa after treatment with H₂O₂. However, the Young's modulus increased to 24.42 ± 1.4 kPa when HUVECs were co-incubated with H₂O₂ and DMI (40 μg mL^-1). DMI also maintained cell morphology and cytoskeletal integrity. Meanwhile, DMI alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction by enhancing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and increasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. The excellent antioxidant effects of DMI result from upregulating the expression levels of superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase, significantly leading to the removal of intracellular excessive ROS. With protecting HUVECs from oxidative stress damage, DMI promotes cell migration and angiogenesis. Consequently, this work not only elaborates on the mechanism by which DMI promotes angiogenesis by anti-oxidative stress, but also provides a new therapeutic option for the treatment of ischemic diseases.

01 Jul 2025·BIOMATERIALS

Two-dimensionally cultured functional hepatocytes generated from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic organoids for pharmaceutical research

Article

Author: Ueyama-Toba, Yukiko ; Imamura, Chiharu ; Asano, Rei ; Mizuguchi, Hiroyuki ; Nagai, Wakana ; Inui, Jumpei

Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) are expected to replace primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) as a new stable source of hepatocytes for pharmaceutical research. However, HLCs have lower hepatic functions than PHHs, require a long time for differentiation and cannot be prepared in large quantities because they do not proliferate after their terminal differentiation. To overcome these problems, we here established hepatic organoids (iHOs) from HLCs. We then showed that the iHOs could proliferate approximately 10⁵-fold by more than 3 passages and expressed most hepatic genes more highly than HLCs. In addition, to enable their widespread use for in vitro drug discovery research, we developed a two-dimensional culture protocol for iHOs. Two-dimensionally cultured iHOs (iHO-Heps) expressed most of the major hepatocyte marker genes at much higher levels than HLCs, iHOs, and even PHHs. The iHO-Heps exhibited glycogen storage capacity, the capacity to uptake and release indocyanine green (ICG), albumin and urea secretion, and the capacity for bile canaliculi formation. Importantly, the iHO-Heps had the activity of major drug-metabolizing enzymes and responded to hepatotoxic drugs, much like PHHs. Thus, iHO-Heps overcome the limitations of the current models and promise to provide robust and reproducible pharmaceutical assays.

01 Apr 2025·DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION

In vitro–in vivo scaling of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic clearance using a relative activity factor approach

Article

Author: Nozaki, Yoshitane ; Nagaya, Yoko

Quantitative prediction of hepatic clearance is a key element in predicting the human pharmacokinetic profile in the nonclinical stages. In the present study, we focused on the major cytochrome P450 (P450) isoforms (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4) and tested a relative activity factor (RAF) method to quantitatively predict in vivo hepatic intrinsic clearance (CL_h,int,vivo) and fraction metabolized (f_m) by the P450 isoforms directly from an in vitro recombinant P450 system. We selected multiple probe substrates for CYP1A2 (caffeine, tizanidine, phenacetin), CYP2C9 ((S)-acenocoumarol, glimepiride, lornoxicam, tolbutamide, (S)-warfarin), CYP2C19 ((S)-lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole), CYP2D6 (desipramine, metoprolol, nebivolol, tolterodine), and CYP3A4 (alprazolam, felodipine, midazolam, nisoldipine, sildenafil, triazolam) to calculate the representative RAF value for each P450 isoform based on the in vivo-to-in vitro clearance ratio of the multiple probe substrates. The most pronounced substrate dependency of the RAF values was noted for CYP3A4 (2698 [alprazolam] to 19073 [nisoldipine] pmol P450/kg). Using the geometric mean of the RAF values for each isoform, a within 3-fold prediction of the CL_h,int,vivo was obtained for all the 11 test drugs, except glibenclamide, which is a known substrate of hepatic uptake transporters. The f_m values of the responsible P450 isoform(s) could be well predicted for mexiletine, tamsulosin, risperidone, celecoxib, and glibenclamide. This simple, practical RAF method can be one of the useful nonclinical methods to estimate the CL_h,int,vivo and f_m mediated by the major P450 isoforms, which would promote earlier understanding of the impact of genetic polymorphisms and drug-drug interactions on the human pharmacokinetics of the substrate compounds. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The relative activity factor method has been used for extrapolating in vitro clearance from recombinant systems to liver microsomes, but this study utilized this method to predict in vivo hepatic clearance and fraction metabolized values. By applying relative activity factor values obtained from multiple probe substrates, this study was able to quantitatively predict the in vivo clearances mediated by CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. This simple, practical method will help optimize metabolic clearances via the major cytochrome P450 isoforms in the nonclinical stages.

News (Medical) associated with Desipramine Hydrochloride

06 May 2024

·www.biospace.com

Boehringer Ingelheim shares positive results from the first study worldwide in diabetic macular ischemia

Boehringer Ingelheim today presented positive data from the HORNBILL Phase I/IIa study of BI 764524, the first ever study exploring a potential treatment for people living with diabetic macular ischemia (DMI). The study found that BI 764524 was well tolerated following intravitreal administration of single and multiple doses, meeting its primary safety endpoints and showed early signs of potential efficacy.1 DMI is a common, irreversible complication of diabetic retinopathy (DR) that may lead to blindness.12,3,4 It can develop when the light sensitive tissues of the central retina do not receive adequate blood supply over a longer time. There are currently no approved treatments for DMI. The current standard of care for advanced DR includes intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment or invasive laser treatment. However, some patients’ conditions progress despite this treatment.5 BI 764524 uses a novel mode of action by inhibiting the Sema3A pathway to re-vascularize ischemic areas and potentially overcome the limitations of anti-VEGF and laser treatments.1 “The results from the HORNBILL study are really encouraging. They suggest there may be a pathway for earlier intervention that could decrease the risk of, and maybe even prevent, people with diabetic retinopathy from developing irreversible and vision-threatening complications, such as DMI,” said Quan Dong Nguyen, MD, MSc, FARVO, FASRS, Professor of Ophthalmology at the Byers Eye Institute, Professor of Medicine and of Pediatrics at Stanford School of Medicine, and Principal and Coordinating Investigator of the trial. “Retinal non-perfusion is a key driver of vision loss in people living with diabetic retinopathy. However, until the HORNBILL study, retinal non-perfusion has not been explored as a potential treatment target.” “Vision loss associated with retinal conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and DMI has a devastating impact on quality of life. Today’s results are an important step towards achieving our aspiration of developing precision therapies delivering the right treatment for the right patient at the right time to prevent vision loss before irreversible damage occurs,” said Ulrike Graefe-Mody, Ph.D., Head of Retinal Health at Boehringer Ingelheim. “We’re looking forward to start a Phase IIb study to further explore the safety and efficacy of BI 764524.” HORNBILL is one of 23 abstracts being presented at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Annual meeting 2024, spanning Boehringer Ingelheim’s retinal health portfolio, including other studies of retinal non-perfusion and diabetic retinopathy, geographic atrophy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. About the HORNBILL study The HORNBILL study consisted of two parts (single rising dose (SRD), N=12 and multiple dose (MD), N=31) both of which met the primary safety endpoints of number of patients with dose-limiting adverse events (SRD) and treatment-related adverse events(MD).1 The study also met its pre-specified criterion for early efficacy of foveal avascular zone area stabilization versus sham at week 16 (p<0.2).1 This suggests that BI 764524 may positively impact retinal non-perfusion and potentially halt the progression of capillary loss.1 The upcoming CRIMSON trial, a Phase IIb trial, will assess safety and efficacy of BI 764524 in patients with DR further and start recruiting later this year. Notes to Editors: About the trial (NCT04424290) This Phase I/IIa trial assessed the tolerability of BI 764524 in people with diabetic retinopathy (DR) with diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) who have previously been treated with panretinal photocoagulation.1 The trial consisted of a single rising dose (SRD) part followed by a multiple dosing (MD) part, with BI 764524 administered via intravitreal injection.1 Single rising dose part In the non-randomized, open-label, SRD part, 12 patients received intravitreal BI 764524 doses: 0.5 (n=3), 1.0 (n=3), or 2.5 mg (n=6).1 The primary endpoint was the number of patients with dose-limiting events (DLEs); secondary endpoints were the number of patients with drug-related adverse events (AEs) and any ocular AEs.1 Patients in the SRD part had a mean age of 61.8 years.1 No DLEs were reported in the SRD part.1 There were five ocular AEs in four patients in the study eye, none related to the study drug. The highest tested dose (BI 764524 2.5 mg) was considered safe and applied in the MD part.1 Multiple dosing part In the randomized, masked, sham-controlled, MD part, 31 patients received three intravitreal doses of BI 764524 2.5 mg (n=21) or sham injection procedures (n=10) at 4-week intervals (baseline, week 4, and week 8), followed by 14 weeks of follow-up until the end of study at week 22.1 The primary endpoint was the number of patients with drug-related AEs; secondary endpoints included number of patients with ocular AEs, change from baseline in foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT).1 Patients in the MD part had a mean age of 59.5 years.1 There were seven patients with ocular AEs (study eye; three patients with four AEs for BI 764524, four patients with six AEs for sham), one of which was reported as related to the study drug (vitreous floater).1 In addition, there was one systemic AE (increase deemed related to the study drug by the investigator). There were no cases of intraocular inflammation or occlusive retinal vasculitis.1 At baseline, mean BCVA was 65.2 letters, mean FAZ area was 0.65 mm, and mean CRT was 252 mm.1 The HORNBILL study met its pre-specified criterion for early efficacy of FAZ area stabilization versus sham at week 16 (p<0.2). Over the short trial period, other secondary efficacy endpoints showed no relevant change. About BI 764524 BI 764524 is a humanized monoclonal anti-Sema3A antibody intended to re-vascularize ischemic areas and reduce leakage in the retina, offering the potential to address retinal non-perfusion in retinal diseases. The compound was discovered and developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and is part of its research and development portfolio in retinal conditions. About diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular ischemia Diabetic retinopathy affects 1 in 3 people with diabetes and is the leading cause of vision loss in adults of working age. It is a growing epidemic that is expected to increase as the incidence of diabetes escalates across the globe. Diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) is a complication of diabetic retinopathy which can lead to slowly progressing, irreversible vision loss. About Boehringer Ingelheim Boehringer Ingelheim is working on breakthrough therapies that transform lives, today and for generations to come. As a leading research-driven biopharmaceutical company, the company creates value through innovation in areas of high unmet medical need. Founded in 1885 and family-owned ever since, Boehringer Ingelheim takes a long-term, sustainable perspective. More than 53,000 employees serve over 130 markets in the two business units Human Pharma and Animal Health. Learn more at Boehringer Ingelheim’s Intended Audiences Notice This press release is issued from our Corporate Headquarters in Ingelheim, Germany and is intended to provide information about our global business. Please be aware that information relating to the approval status and labels of approved products may vary from country to country, and a country-specific press release on this topic may have been issued in the countries where we do business. References 1 Nguyen QD, Jhaveri C, Habib MS. Oral presentation at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) 2024. Abstract number: 959 2 Marques IP, et al. Diabetes 2019;68:648–653 3 Sim DA, et al. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54:2353–2360 4 Tey KY, et al. Eye Vis (Lond) 2019;6:37 5 Ip MS, et al. Ophthalmology 2014;122:367–374

Clinical ResultPhase 2

22 Nov 2023

·www.prnewswire.com

Novel MRI Reveals Brain Changes in Long-COVID Patients

CHICAGO, Nov. 22, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- People with long COVID exhibit patterns of changes in the brain that are different from fully recovered COVID-19 patients, according to research being presented next week at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). "To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study comparing patients with long COVID to both a group without history of COVID-19 and a group that went through a COVID-19 infection but is subjectively unimpaired," said one of the study's lead authors, Alexander Rau, M.D., resident in the Departments of Neuroradiology and Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology at University Hospital Freiburg in Freiburg, Germany. After infection with COVID-19, as many as 10-25% of patients may develop a post-COVID condition commonly referred to as "long COVID." People with long COVID may experience a wide variety of symptoms, including difficulty concentrating ("brain fog"), change in sense of smell or taste, fatigue, joint or muscle pain, shortness of breath, digestive symptoms, and more. These symptoms may persist for weeks, months, or—as is only now becoming apparent—years after COVID-19 infection. However, the basis of this condition is poorly understood. Diffusion microstructure imaging (DMI), a novel MRI technique, is a promising approach to fill this gap. DMI looks at the movement of water molecules in tissues. By studying how water molecules move in different directions and at various speeds, DMI can provide detailed information on the microstructure of the brain. It can detect even very small changes in the brain, not detectable with conventional MRI. For this prospective, cross-sectional study, Dr. Rau and colleagues compared MRI brain scans of three groups: 89 patients with long COVID, 38 patients that had contracted COVID-19 but did not report any subjective long-term symptoms, and 46 healthy controls with no history of COVID-19. The researchers first compared the cerebral macrostructure of these three groups to test for atrophy or any other abnormalities. Next, they used DMI to gain a deeper insight into the brain. The three groups were compared to reveal group differences in the brain's microstructure. DMI parameters were read for the gray matter in the brain. Additionally, whole brain analyses were employed to reveal the spatial distribution of alterations and associations with clinical data, including long-COVID symptoms like fatigue, cognitive impairment or impaired sense of smell. The results showed no brain volume loss or any other lesions that might explain the symptoms of long COVID. However, COVID-19 infection induced a specific pattern of microstructural changes in various brain regions, and this pattern differed between those who had long COVID and those who did not. "This study allows for an in vivo insight on the impact of COVID-19 on the brain," Dr. Rau said. "Here, we noted gray matter alterations in both patients with long-COVID and those unimpaired after a COVID-19 infection. Interestingly, we not only noted widespread microstructural alterations in patients with long COVID, but also in those unimpaired after having contracted COVID-19." The findings also revealed a correlation between microstructural changes and symptom-specific brain networks associated with impaired cognition, sense of smell and fatigue. "Expression of post-COVID symptoms was associated with specific affected cerebral networks, suggesting a pathophysiological basis of this syndrome" Dr. Rau said. The researchers hope to reexamine the patients in the future, recording both clinical symptoms and changes to the brain's microstructure. Despite these brain imaging findings, it remains unclear why some people develop long COVID while others do not, although previous studies have identified risk factors including female sex, older age, higher body mass index, smoking, preexisting comorbidities, and previous hospitalization or intensive care unit admission. Co-authors are Jonas A. Hosp, M.D., Nils Schroter, M.D., Marco Reisert, Ph.D., Horst Urbach, M.D., Cornelius Weiller, M.D., and Elias Kellner, Ph.D. Note: Copies of RSNA 2023 news releases and electronic images will be available online at RSNA.org/press23. RSNA is an association of radiologists, radiation oncologists, medical physicists and related scientists promoting excellence in patient care and health care delivery through education, research and technologic innovation. The Society is based in Oak Brook, Illinois. (RSNA.org) Editor's note: The data in these releases may differ from those in the published abstract and those actually presented at the meeting, as researchers continue to update their data right up until the meeting. To ensure you are using the most up-to-date information, please call the RSNA Newsroom at 1-312-791-6610. For patient-friendly information on brain MRI, visit RadiologyInfo.org. SOURCE Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)

Clinical Result

04 Apr 2023

·www.sciencedaily.com

DMI allows magnon-magnon coupling in hybrid perovskites

An international group of researchers has created a mixed magnon state in an organic hybrid perovskite material by utilizing the Dzyaloshinskii--Moriya-Interaction (DMI). The resulting material has potential for processing and storing quantum computing information. An international group of researchers has created a mixed magnon state in an organic hybrid perovskite material by utilizing the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya-Interaction (DMI). The resulting material has potential for processing and storing quantum computing information. The work also expands the number of potential materials that can be used to create hybrid magnonic systems. In magnetic materials, quasi-particles called magnons direct the electron spin within the material. There are two types of magnons -- optical and acoustic -- which refer to the direction of their spin. "Both optical and acoustic magnons propagate spin waves in antiferromagnets," says Dali Sun, associate professor of physics and member of the Organic and Carbon Electronics Lab (ORaCEL) at North Carolina State University. "But in order to use spin waves to process quantum information, you need a mixed spin wave state." "Normally two magnon modes cannot generate a mixed spin state due to their different symmetries," Sun says. "But by harnessing the DMI we discovered a hybrid perovskite with a mixed magnon state." Sun is also a corresponding author of the research. The researchers accomplished this by adding an organic cation to the material, which created a particular interaction called the DMI. In short, the DMI breaks the symmetry of the material, allowing the spins to mix. The team utilized a copper based magnetic hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite, which has a unique octahedral structure. These octahedrons can tilt and deform in different ways. Adding an organic cation to the material breaks the symmetry, creating angles within the material that allow the different magnon modes to couple and the spins to mix. "Beyond the quantum implications, this is the first time we've observed broken symmetry in a hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite," says Andrew Comstock, NC State graduate research assistant and first author of the research. "We found that the DMI allows magnon coupling in copper-based hybrid perovskite materials with the correct symmetry requirements," Comstock says. "Adding different cations creates different effects. This work really opens up ways to create magnon coupling from a lot of different materials -- and studying the dynamic effects of this material can teach us new physics as well." The work appears in Nature Communications and was primarily supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Center for Hybrid Organic Inorganic Semiconductors for Energy (CHOISE). Chung-Tao Chou of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is co-first author of the work. Luqiao Liu of MIT, and Matthew Beard and Haipeng Lu of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory are co-corresponding authors of the research.

100 Deals associated with Desipramine Hydrochloride

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KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00812	Desipramine Hydrochloride	N06AA01	DB01151

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Depressive Disorder	United States	Validus Pharmaceuticals LLC	20 Nov 1964

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Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT01899326 (CTgov)	Not Applicable	Refractory Multiple Myeloma	10	Laboratory Biomarker Analysis+Filgrastim+Desipramine Hydrochloride	djjbpsllnk = efemmtlxty wsrmypiqbq (fzwergseht, zuzblhlhgk - glyhszwiia) View more	-	28 Mar 2023
ISTH2021	Not Applicable	-	-	Desipramine	idhspavsad(usttpbzzbg) = wwhhkjivqp tesdkhjaxz (ixbgzjlmgo )	-	17 Jul 2021
				PRP pre-incubated with 10μM desipramine	idhspavsad(usttpbzzbg) = lmkjhggcra tesdkhjaxz (ixbgzjlmgo )
NCT03726996 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Neuroaxonal Dystrophies	4	Desipramine	uojbyjqzmc = ghirmmjesg ygfkmguwif (zghiwkdnxw, hfgwkkqqzf - sstdkzzjwd) View more	-	14 Oct 2020
NCT01411085 (RADIAUS, CTgov)	Phase 2	Alcoholism \| Schizophrenia	12	Risperidone+Desipramine	pgngyqfree(jqlvtlegwy) = qjtghnvyqa wbswtmdbbt (ajtgigpkrk, 20.4) View more	-	23 Mar 2018
NCT00990691 (Pubmed \| Ann Clin Transl Neurol)	Phase 2	Rett Syndrome	36	high Desipramine	eueyrefkrp(tvocxvfdym) = zadaadufcy pibmlbjbbf (buvvvrownw, -37 to -11)	Negative	01 Feb 2018
				low Desipramine	eueyrefkrp(tvocxvfdym) = ljucmlbxvm pibmlbjbbf (buvvvrownw, -31 to 13)
NCT00338962 (CTgov)	Phase 3	Alcoholism \| Depressive Disorder \| Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic	88	paroxetine+Naltrexone (Paroxetine and Naltrexone)	eylzwxafbm(yireqcqizb) = fopicbdoyh skhgopyyep (ccnadiqxic, 2.547) View more	-	05 Feb 2016
				Placebo+paroxetine (Paroxetine and Placebo)	eylzwxafbm(yireqcqizb) = eolfomvvcp skhgopyyep (ccnadiqxic, 2.672) View more
NCT00166114 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Depressive Disorder, Major	40	Escitalopram (Escitalopram)	ctcglefxpb = nvqjrdmjjl kdqunabyej (ibgxabwwus, kvghppvoze - ksakcealbj) View more	-	23 Jul 2015
				Desipramine (Desipramine)	ctcglefxpb = dopczwnehg kdqunabyej (ibgxabwwus, yhcslvqzls - iytmiueeyb) View more
NCT00000271 (Pubmed \| Drug Alcohol Depend)	Phase 2	Depressive Disorder	111	Desipramine	fbeldeayfg(evlucckmhe) = jqbhcssflx ajkdtjsphq (srdvtmtonv )	-	01 Nov 2005
				Placebo	fbeldeayfg(evlucckmhe) = ntptktdcoa ajkdtjsphq (srdvtmtonv )

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