A review with 9 referencesThe pharmacokinetics of modafinil have been studied in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog and humans in a large range of doses.In humans modafinil exhibits linear kinetics, with plasma concentrations and AUC increasing proportionally with dose after either single or repeated administration.The t1/2 ranges from 10-15 h and allows a once- or twice-daily administration.The extent of plasma protein binding is approx. 60%.Modafinil is extensively metabolized.The percentage of unchanged modafinil excreted in the urine is low (< 10% of the administered dose).The main metabolite, modafinil acid, is inactive and excreted unconjugated in the urine (40-60% of the administered dose).The pharmacokinetics of modafinil are not modified by food but are altered in patients with severe hepatic and renal disease.Therefore, a 50% dose reduction is recommended in patients with hepatic insufficiency or chronic renal failure.