Silkworm pupa protein isolate (SPPI) has the potential of being used (as an alternative nutrient) in various food products, but it has poor emulsifying and gelling property. In this study, SPPI was modified by glycation and/or ultrasonication, and the interfacial properties and stability of Pickering emulsions stabilized by SPPI-xylose conjugates and their application in emulsion-filled hydrogels (EFHGs) were investigated. Results showed that, compared with the control, the contact angle of glycated SPPI (using 3 % xylose under ultrasonication, US-X3%) decreased from 144.6° to 110.9°, and the penetration and rearrangement rates at the water-oil interface increased by 20.76 % and 72.11 %, respectively. Pickering emulsion stabilized by US-X3% exhibited smaller droplet size, stronger electrostatic repulsion and interfacial pressure, thicker interfacial film, as well as higher elasticity-dominated viscoelastic behavior. After combined treatment, the -20 °C and - 80 °C freeze-thaw stability of SPPI emulsion was increased by 3.78 and 1.62 times, respectively, and the thermal, refrigeration and salt stability were also significantly improved (p < 0.05). By filling the conjugate-stabilized Pickering emulsion (US-X3%), the content of hydrogen and ionic bonds in EFHGs network was decreased, the hardness and chewiness of the hydrogels were reduced, and the water holding capacity was increased to 95.75 %. The results of gastrointestinal digestion (in vitro) showed that the addition of xylose and the use of sonication had no significant effect on the protein digestibility of EFHGs (p > 0.05). Thus, SPPI-xylose conjugates prepared by glycation and ultrasonication exhibited excellent application potential in emulsion/gel hybrid food system.