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GGCT(gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase)	1

During the COVID-19 outbreak, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) and their specific precursors (N,N-dimethylformamide [DMF] for NDMA and morpholine [MOR] for NMOR) were widely detected in sewerage systems of an urban area, in which chlorine-containing disinfectants were discharged with effluent of hospitals, etc. However, little is known about the effect of chlorine influx on formation and distribution of NDMA and NMOR in sewer systems in a sudden major public health event. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of NDMA, NMOR, DMF and MOR in influents of sewage treatment plants (STPs), as well as its upstream sewer sites during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, there was a significant decrease of industry-related NMOR and DMF, however, with an increase of concentration (up to 243 ng/L) and detection frequency for NDMA in influents of the biggest STP in Kyoto Prefecture. Moreover, it was found that NDMA reached a maximum of 187 ng/L with 57 % detection frequency, while NMOR reached a maximum of 101 ng/L with 51 % detection frequency in the sewer systems connecting to all the STPs for service area during the pandemic. Especially, during the pandemic, concentration (median value) of NDMA increased from 40.9 ng/L with 42 % detection frequency in 2020 to 72.5 ng/L with 77 % detection frequency in 2021, which was coincident with the change of infected population. In addition, this research clearly exhibited the possibility that unintentional chlorination and nitrosation of precursors formed NDMA and NMOR in sewer systems influenced by COVID-19 pandemic. The NDMA formation was ranked according to increased concentration (median value) as follows: addition of ClO^- (669 ng/L) > addition of NO₂^- (138 ng/L) > without addition (34.3 ng/L), while additional ClO^- and NO₂^- did not significantly increase NMOR formation probably caused by low existence of NMOR precursors (e.g., MOR) in raw sewage. Therefore, it is necessary to make an urgent attention on environmental issues caused by high-dose chlorine-containing disinfectants residue, because increased byproducts induced by disinfectants in raw sewage caused higher risk during the future pandemic by unexpected pollution from insufficiently treated sewage (e.g. combined sewer overflow and primary effluent bypass discharge) to receiving water bodies.

01 Jun 2025·Gait & Posture

Functional roles of stepping-leg joint torques in body deceleration during the post-trip landing phase in gait

Article

Author: Yoshioka, Shinsuke ; Fukashiro, Senshi ; Nakajima, Takahiro

BACKGROUNDTripping during walking alters the whole-body linear momentum (WBLM) and angular momentum (WBAM). Inadequate regulation of these changes affects normal gait, potentially resulting in falls and injuries. To avoid these incidents, it is necessary to exert joint torques to generate ground reaction forces (GRFs) that will serve to mitigate WBLM and WBAM changes. However, it remains unclear which joint torques and how they contribute to generating the post-trip GRF.RESEARCH QUESTIONHow is the GRF generated to control the WBLMs and WBAM during the post-trip landing phase in gait?METHODSTwelve young adults completed 150 walking trials on a walkway, with tripping induced in 60 of them. They were required to recover to normal walking after tripping. Body landmark coordinates and GRF data were obtained using a motion capture system and a force platform, respectively. Joint torques, WBLM, WBAM, and the contribution of each torque to the GRF were calculated.RESULTSThe upward GRF was primarily generated by the ankle-plantarflexion torque of the stepping leg, supported by the knee- and hip-extension torques (contributions to vertical GRF: ankle-plantarflexion, 64.4 ± 7.8 %; knee flexion-extension, 16.3 ± 6.1 %; hip flexion-extension, 8.8 ± 4.3 %). The posterior GRF was mainly generated by the knee- and hip-extension torques (contributions to anterior-posterior GRF: knee flexion-extension, 40.2 ± 8.2 %; hip flexion-extension, 12.9 ± 5.6 %). Additionally, the ankle-plantarflexion torque contributed to the backward GRF moment immediately after post-trip stepping-foot contact (contribution to forward-backward GRF moment: 41.7 ± 4.1 %).SIGNIFICANCEThe findings of this study enhance the understanding of the kinetics of a body's deceleration to prevent falls during the post-trip landing phase and can serve as normative data for fall-prevention programs in rehabilitation settings and the development of powered exoskeletons.

30 Apr 2025·SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis

Navier–Stokes Flow in the Exterior of a Moving Obstacle with a Lipschitz Boundary

Author: Watanabe, Keiichi ; Takahashi, Tomoki

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Pipeline

Pipeline Snapshot as of 10 May 2025

The statistics for drugs in the Pipeline is the current organization and its subsidiaries are counted as organizations,Early Phase 1 is incorporated into Phase 1, Phase 1/2 is incorporated into phase 2, and phase 2/3 is incorporated into phase 3

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