To assess the potential of tretnoin gel 0.05% to produce phototoxic reactions, measured as skin reactions 24 and 48 hours after UV radiation of drug on skin.

Start Date01 Jan 2008

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Coria Laboratories Ltd.

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01 Sep 2021·Physics of Fluids

Special topic on turbulent and multiphase flows

Author: Doranehgard, Mohammad Hossein ; Mahian, Omid ; Safdari Shadloo, Mostafa

10 Jul 2016·Volume 1A, Symposia: Turbomachinery Flow Simulation and Optimization; Applications in CFD; Bio-Inspired and Bio-Medical Fluid Mechanics; CFD Verification and Validation; Development and Applications of Immersed Boundary Methods; DNS, LES and Hybrid RANS/LES Methods; Fluid Machinery; Fluid-Structure Interaction and Flow-Induced Noise in Industrial Applications; Flow Applications in Aerospace; Active Fluid Dynamics and Flow Control — Theory, Experiments and Implementation

Direct Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Secondary Instabilities on the Pressure Side of a Savonius Style Wind Turbine

Author: Safdari Shadloo, Mostafa ; Roy, Sukanta ; Ducoin, Antoine

Savonius-style wind turbines are a class of vertical axis wind turbine usually used for off-grid applications. It appears to be promising for energy conversion because of its better self-starting capability and flexible design promises. The blades are characterized by relatively large surface, which are thin circular shape to produce large drag, which is used for power generation. Typically, the suction side of the advancing blade is submitted to strong adverse pressure gradient, causing a well known vortex shedding process, which is responsible for the wake flow. This topic has been the subject of many researches in the past decades, as it obviously depends on tip speed ratio (TSR) and directly influences the turbine efficiency. The flow on the pressure side of the blade is generally considered as fully attached and is characterized by high pressure, low velocity level that produces most of the drag used in the energy conversion. However, because of the gap between the two blades, the flow is accelerated on the pressure side of the returning blade and a thicker boundary layer develops at this side. Because of the concave curvature of the blade and the small scale of the turbine, centrifugal instabilities may occurs, depending on the flow regime that can cause natural transition on the blade. Moreover, these vortices induce different mechanisms of ejections and sweeps, causing thereby strong transverse variations of the drag coefficient, which results in the formation of hot spots near solid walls. This can leads to a rapid degradation of mechanical structures and materials fatigue. In this paper, Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) are carried out in order to capture the flow instabilities and transition to turbulence occurring on the pressure of a conventional design Savonius wind turbine blade. Simulations are conducted with the open source code Nek5000, solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with a high order, spectral element method. Because of the relatively high Reynolds numbers considered (Reξ = 90,000), the computational domain of the Savonius blade is reduced to the pressure side, whereas no turbine rotation is considered, which avoid the large scale vortex shedding that occurs on the suction side. The results suggest that Gortler vortices can occurs and cause the flow to transit to turbulence, which modify the pressure distribution and the drag force significantly.

03 Aug 2014·Volume 1B, Symposia: Fluid Machinery; Fluid-Structure Interaction and Flow-Induced Noise in Industrial Applications; Flow Applications in Aerospace; Flow Manipulation and Active Control: Theory, Experiments and Implementation; Multiscale Methods for Multiphase Flow; Noninvasive Measurements in Single and Multiphase Flows

Interface Tracking Methods Applied to Phase Separation

Author: Caltagirone, J. P. ; Osmar, L. ; Zaleski, S. ; Ling, Y. ; Magnaudet, J. ; Berlemont, A. ; Vincent, S. ; Menard, T. ; Aniszewski, Wojtek ; Auguste, F. ; Estivalezes, J. L.

We are interested in the phase separation of a light fluid in a heavier fluid in a closed box. A simple initial configuration is considered. A cubic volume of light fluid with a characteristic length H/2 is contained in the bottom part of a cubic box of side H filled with a heavier fluid. This problem is typical of multiscale interfacial flows in which large interfacial scales coexist with small dispersed droplets interacting with larger drops according to coalescence or rupture of interfaces. A benchmark of phase separation is proposed here. Several CFD codes devoted to multiphase flow simulations are evaluated on DNS simulations for different meshes. The VOF method, the level set method and the AMR method are used for tracking interface, the final objective being to see if codes using different numerical methods converge to the same macroscopic quantities. Time evolution of potential energies, kinetic energies, and interfacial area are computed for each simulation and used for codes comparisons. These physical quantities are also used to ensure that grid convergence is achieved. The phase separation also induces turbulence effects. In order to quantify it, time evolution of enstrophy is evaluated for each simulation. It is shown that all the codes converge for all macroscopic quantities for two turbulent Reynolds numbers, except for enstrophy. This difference is due to an under resolution of the vorticity.

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