Universidad Autonóma Metropolitana

Facial expression in animals is a suggested method to assess the subtle facial changes associated with pain. This study aimed to evaluate postoperative pain and establish its correlation with facial action units (AUs) in female dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) treated with cannabidiol alone or in combination with meloxicam. Sixty healthy female dogs of different breeds, were randomly assigned into four groups according to the treatment. The control group (G₀: n = 15) received a saline solution as placebo; the meloxicam group (G_Mlx: n = 15) received meloxicam at a dose of 0.2 mg kg^-1 IV, followed by 0.1 mg kg^-1 every 24 h, for 48 h during the postoperative period; the cannabidiol group (G_CBD: n = 15) received 2 mg kg^-1 PO every 12 h; and the combination group (G_Mlx/CBD: n = 15) received both treatments. The treatments were administered 30 min before starting the surgery. High-resolution videos were recorded for one minute at baseline and multiple time points up to 48 h post-surgery to quantify facial action units: AU101, AU143 + 145, AU12, ear position, facial muscle tension, orbital tightening, and lip tension. Data was analyzed with a mixed linear model. The frequency of AU143 + 145, AU12, ear position, tension of the facial muscles, orbital tightening, and tension of the lips significantly increased at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h post-surgery (p = 0.0001) in the control group. Thus, facial expressions associated with acute pain in dogs were characterized by AUs such as blink (AU143 + 145), lip corner puller (AU12), ear position, head position, tension of the facial muscles, orbital tightening, and tension of the lips, which maintained a positive moderate correlation with UMPS scores, this association indicates that these facial changes are signs of acute pain in dogs.

In this work, the application of an upscaling methodol. to the thermal hydraulic model of an LFR is presented.The upscaling process is applied to local equations, where a rigorous math. process yields reactor-scale equations containing information from the pin scale, in addition to information on the properties of each phase.Two phases are considered: the fuel rods are the solid phase, and the lead coolant is the liquid phase.The upscaled thermal model is coupled with a neutron model, a simplified expression of the diffusion equation that considers reactivity feedback.The scaled thermal hydraulic model allows the entire core to be analyzed using only two heat transfer equations, which contain scaled coefficients for both phases.These were calculated at different lead velocities to understand their behavior under potential velocity changes.The core neutron parameters were calculated using the Serpent code, and the models and coupling were implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics.The results show that the neutron flux profiles, fuel and coolant temperatures behave as the reactor design values.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes without significant alcohol consumption. It is closely associated with sedentarism, hypercaloric diets, obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and genetic predisposition. NAFLD comprises a spectrum of liver disorders, from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic (NASH) and liver cirrhosis. The complex etiological mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis; therefore, its management is challenging. Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), a class of antidiabetic drugs, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents due to their ability to improve key metabolic parameters, including obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia. This review explores the cellular mechanisms by which SGLT2i, either as monotherapy or combined with other treatments, modulate signaling pathways involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, we examine their effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis, which are critical drivers of NAFLD progression. This review is intended to summarize the multiple benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors and to educate healthcare providers on the therapeutic potential of these drugs in order to foster their incorporation into effective NAFLD management plans.