TRBC1

A novel treatment for leukemias and lymphomas that arise from immune system T cells was found to be effective at killing these cancers in mice bearing human T-cell tumors. A novel treatment for leukemias and lymphomas that arise from immune system T cells, developed by investigators at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center and its Ludwig Center and Lustgarten Laboratory, was found to be effective at killing these cancers in mice bearing human T-cell tumors. The therapy, an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), combines an antibody that targets a protein called TRBC1 expressed on the surface of T-cell cancers with an anti-cancer drug, called SG3249. The ADC works by using the antibody to seek out the cancer cells that express TRBC1. Then, those cancer cells ingest the ADC, where SG3249 is released and kills the cancer cells. A description of the work was published March 27 in Nature. Each year, about 100,000 patients worldwide are affected by T-cell leukemias and lymphomas. Adults with relapsed T-cell cancers have limited therapeutic options and five-year survival rates of 7-38%. "Developing treatments for T-cell leukemias and lymphomas is much more difficult than for leukemias and lymphomas arising from immune system B cells," explains senior study author Suman Paul, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., an assistant professor of oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Effective therapies for B-cell cancers wipe out both cancerous and noncancerous B cells, but patients still do well even without the immune system B cells that help fight infections. However, if similar approaches are used and a treatment wipes out both normal and cancerous T cells, it would leave patients without a functioning immune system and at high risk of dying from infections. "Not much drug development has happened in this space of T-cell leukemias and lymphomas," Paul says. "We need new therapies for these cancers, but whatever therapies we develop in the space have to be cancer-specific. We have to preserve some of the normal T cells and wipe out cancerous T cells at the same time." T-cell cancers express either TRBC1 or TRBC2, while normal T cells express a mix of TRBC1 and TRBC2. Therefore, selective targeting of TRBC1 can potentially eradicate the normal and cancerous T cells expressing TRBC1 while preserving normal T cells expressing TRBC2. A recent clinical trial conducted elsewhere attempted to target TRBC1 cancers using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. These CAR T cells are genetically engineered T cells that bind to and kill TRBC1 cells. CAR T-cell therapies are FDA-approved treatment options used in several B-cell cancers. However, after administering the TRBC1-targeting CAR T cell therapy in human patients, trial investigators reported that the CAR T cells were not persisting inside the patients. Such persistence is required for effective cancer cell-killing. Interested to understand why, Paul and colleagues found that the CAR T cells targeting TRBC1 could be killed by normal T cells, limiting their persistence. This lack of CAR T-cell persistence led the team to try TRBC1 targeting with the use of antibody-drug conjugates. Paul and colleagues tried two different formulations of ADCs in mouse models of T-cell cancers. After a single injection of one formulation of the treatment, the cancers initially regressed but then recurred. After a single treatment with the anti-TRBC1-SG3249 ADC combination, investigators observed signs of cancer elimination within seven days and the cancers were eventually undetectable, with no recurrences. "The tumors didn't come back, and we followed the mice for more than 200 days," Paul explains. The treatment was able to eliminate the cancer while preserving half of the remaining normal T cells. "The residual normal T cells should be sufficient to maintain some immune system protection against infectious diseases," Paul says. "Witnessing the successful elimination of T-cell cancers while sparing normal T cells in preclinical models was truly gratifying," adds Jiaxin Ge, a co-author of the study and third-year Ph.D. student in the Ludwig Center. "We believe this approach has the potential to address a critical unmet need in oncology, and we're committed to advancing it through further research." Tushar Nichakawade, first author on the study and a fourth-year Ph.D. student at the Ludwig Center, says, "There are so many lessons to learn from the clinic and it has been exciting to be a part of the iterative process of drug discovery. Every therapy has its pros and cons, but the preclinical efficacy of our ADC gives me hope that it can make a difference for patients suffering from these terrible cancers." Investigators are now working with an industry partner to conduct early-phase safety and efficacy trials in human patients. The study's co-authors were Brian J. Mog, Bum Seok Lee, Alexander H. Pearlman, Michael S. Hwang, Sarah R. DiNapoli, Nicholas Wyhs, Nikita Marcou, Stephanie Glavaris, Maximilian F. Konig, Sandra B. Gabelli, Evangeline Watson, Cole Sterling, Nina Wagner-Johnston, Sima Rozati, Lode Swinnen, Ephraim Fuchs, Drew M. Pardoll, Kathy Gabrielson, Nickolas Papadopoulos, Chetan Bettegowda, Kenneth W. Kinzler, Shibin Zhou, Surojit Sur and Bert Vogelstein of Johns Hopkins. The work was supported in part by The Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Fund for Cancer Research, Lustgarten Foundation for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Commonwealth Fund, Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Bloomberg Philanthropies and the National Institutes of Health Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA006973. Paul was supported by the National Cancer Institute (grant K08CA270403), the Leukemia Lymphoma Society Translation Research Program Award, the American Society of Hematology Scholar Award and the Swim Across America Translational Cancer Research Award.

LONDON, April 20, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Autolus Therapeutics plc (Nasdaq: AUTL), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing next-generation programmed T cell therapies, today announced that it has received innovative licensing and access pathway (ILAP) designation from the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for AUTO4 being studied in a Phase 1 study in TRBC1 positive Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma (PTCL). “The granting of the Innovation Passport and entry into ILAP comes soon after we received PRIority MEdicines (PRIME) designation from the European Medicines Agency for AUTO1, with both designations accelerating the review of promising therapies targeting unmet medical needs,” said Dr. Christian Itin, chairman and chief executive officer of Autolus. “We look forward to working with the MHRA as we progress AUTO4 through the clinic and to providing an interim update on the Phase 1 program later this year.” About ILAP ILAP was announced in December 2020 and launched at the start of 2021 in order to accelerate the development and access to promising medicines and is geared toward medicines that are in the early stages of development. The pathway, part of the UK’s plan to attract life sciences development in the post-Brexit era, features enhanced input and interactions with MHRA and other stakeholders including the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC). (RELATED: MHRA sheds light on pathway to accelerate R&D, Regulatory Focus 24 December 2020). The innovation passport designation is the first step in the ILAP process and triggers the MHRA and its partner agencies to create a target development profile (TDP) document to chart out a roadmap for regulatory and development milestones with the goal of early patient access in the UK. Other benefits of ILAP include access to range of development tools, such as the potential for a 150-day accelerated Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) assessment, rolling review and a continuous benefit risk assessment. About Autolus Therapeutics plc Autolus is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing next-generation, programmed T cell therapies for the treatment of cancer. Using a broad suite of proprietary and modular T cell programming technologies, the company is engineering precisely targeted, controlled and highly active T cell therapies that are designed to better recognize cancer cells, break down their defense mechanisms and eliminate these cells. Autolus has a pipeline of product candidates in development for the treatment of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. For more information please visit . About AUTO4 AUTO4 is a programmed T cell product candidate in clinical development for T cell lymphoma, a setting where there are currently no approved programmed T cell therapies. AUTO4 is specifically designed to target TRBC1 derived cancers, which account for approximately 40% of T cell lymphomas, and is a complement to the AUTO5 T cell product candidate, which is in pre-clinical development. Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the "safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts, and in some cases can be identified by terms such as "may," "will," "could," "expects," "plans," "anticipates," and "believes." These statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the development of the AUTO4 and AUTO1 program; the future clinical development, efficacy, safety and therapeutic potential of its product candidates, including progress, expectations as to the reporting of data, conduct and timing and potential future clinical activity and milestones; expectations regarding the initiation, design and reporting of data from clinical trials; and the development of Autolus’ pipeline of next generation programs, includingAUTO5. Any forward-looking statements are based on management's current views and assumptions and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, performance or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risks that Autolus’ preclinical or clinical programs do not advance or result in approved products on a timely or cost effective basis or at all; the results of early clinical trials are not always being predictive of future results; the cost, timing and results of clinical trials; that many product candidates do not become approved drugs on a timely or cost effective basis or at all; the ability to enroll patients in clinical trials; possible safety and efficacy concerns; and the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on Autolus’ business. For a discussion of other risks and uncertainties, and other important factors, any of which could cause Autolus’ actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, see the section titled "Risk Factors" in Autolus' Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 4, 2021, as amended, as well as discussions of potential risks, uncertainties, and other important factors in Autolus' subsequent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All information in this press release is as of the date of the release, and Autolus undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. Contact: Julia Wilson +44 (0) 7818 430877 j.wilson@autolus.com Susan A. Noonan S.A. Noonan Communications +1-212-966-3650 susan@sanoonan.com