Kanglaite

Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for > 85% of cases. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has played an integral role in NSCLC management, particularly in combination with chemotherapy. Although the safety and efficacy of TCM injections have been widely studied, comprehensive pharmacoeconomic evaluations remain limited.

This review aimed to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of five TCM injections, Marsdenia tenacissima, Aidi, Kanglaite, Kangai, and Shenqi Fuzheng, in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced NSCLC.

A systematic literature review identified 165 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2000 and 2024. A Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed to compare the objective response rates (ORR) and adverse events (AEs) among the five TCM injections plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone. A decision tree model with a 6-month time horizon was constructed from the healthcare system perspective, incorporating direct medical costs, including drug administration, monitoring, and AE management. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated based on incremental ORR improvements. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the model.

All five TCM injections combined with chemotherapy demonstrated superior ORR compared with chemotherapy alone. Kanglaite injection showed the highest ORR improvement (12.5%) and lowest incidence of leukopenia and hepatic dysfunction. However, Kangai injection exhibited the lowest ICER of $19.56 per 1% ORR gain, indicating the highest cost-effectiveness. The ICERs for the remaining regimens were $43.38 (Marsdenia tenacissima), $29.68 (Aidi), $56.94 (Kanglaite), and $28.08 (Shenqi Fuzheng) per 1% ORR. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings, with ORR and injection costs identified as the key drivers.

Among the five TCM injections evaluated, Kangai injection combined with chemotherapy has emerged as the most cost-effective regimen for advanced NSCLC. These findings support the integration of TCM into evidence-based cancer care, and highlight the need for further pharmacoeconomic research, particularly in real-world clinical settings.

Diabetic wounds are characterized by chronic inflammation, vascular insufficiency, and peripheral neuropathy, which collectively disrupt the neurovascular microenvironment essential for coordinated tissue regeneration. However, strategies targeting neurovascular regeneration remain limited. Here, we developed a sprayable hydrogel sponge based on gelatin methacryloyl and methacrylamide-modified ε-poly-L-lysine (S-GPL), co-functionalized with VEGF-mimetic peptide (KLT) and BDNF-mimetic peptide (RGI). The sprayable format conforms to irregular wound geometries, while the pneumatic spraying technique generates high-pressure microbubbles that create a porous structure, thereby enhancing exudate absorption and sustained peptide release as a sponge dressing. Additionally, the incorporation of KLT and RGI facilitates the reconstruction of the neurovascular microenvironment. In vitro, KLT promoted endothelial cell maturation and cytokine secretion, whereas RGI enhanced Schwann cell activity. Notably, S-GPL^KLT/RGI facilitated intercellular interactions between RSCs and HUVECs, highlighting the cellular mechanisms underlying neurovascular communication. In a full-thickness diabetic wound model in rats, the hydrogel accelerated wound closure, re-epithelialization, and matrix remodeling. These effects were accompanied by enhanced neovascularization and axonal regeneration, along with the formation of a spatially organized neurovascular niche, as evidenced by CD31⁺ capillaries closely aligned with PGP9.5⁺ nerve fibers. Building upon the intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties of S-GPL, transcriptomic and immunohistochemical analyses further revealed that S-GPL^KLT/RGI treatment suppressed the IL-17 signaling pathway. However, the relationship between immunomodulation and neurovascular reconstruction warrants further investigation. Collectively, this study presents a sprayable antibacterial hydrogel that not only reconstructs the neurovascular microenvironment but also mitigates chronic inflammation, offering a clinically translatable strategy for diabetic wound management.