Zinc is an essential micronutrient crucial for the normal functioning of the human immune system. Zinc deficiency impairs immune function and increases infection risk, especially in vulnerable populations like people living with HIV. This project aims to study the role of zinc supplementation in improving immune response in HIV-infected individuals who are Immunological Non-Responders (INRs)-people who have not restored Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T-cell counts despite receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). INRs face a higher risk of opportunistic infections, non-HIV comorbidities due to high inflammation, and generally have a poorer prognosis. Zinc supports immune function by aiding in immune cell development, cytokine production, and maintaining mucosal barrier integrity.
Several studies have investigated zinc supplementation in HIV-infected individuals, showing significant increases in CD4 counts and a reduction in opportunistic infections. However, the doses used vary, and the results are sometimes contradictory. Our objective is to study whether zinc supplementation in INRs improves immune function, specifically by increasing CD4 counts, decreasing inflammation, and affecting other immune parameters.
This project involves a clinical trial where INRs will be randomly assigned to receive 75mg of elemental zinc daily (in the form of 3 zinc acetate tablets) along with their usual treatment or to continue their treatment without zinc supplements. We will assess whether zinc supplementation increases CD4 lymphocytes, reduces inflammation in INRs, and induces immune system changes. We will also investigate immune system functionality by measuring the presence of the Torque Teno Virus (TTV), a harmless virus, and see how zinc supplementation impacts its control by monitoring viral load changes.
Recent research by our group has demonstrated that zinc has both antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Zinc supplementation is generally safe and well-tolerated, with few adverse effects. Zinc is available in various forms, including gluconate, acetate, and sulfate. Although the recommended daily dose is 40mg, studies have shown that doses exceeding 80mg have been safely administered for over 10 years without side effects.
We have selected a 75mg daily dose of elemental zinc for several reasons. Studies that showed no effect used lower doses (15-20mg/day), and our research found that 75mg/day improved outcomes in acute viral infections like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2). We believe previous failures to show zinc's efficacy were due to insufficient dosing. After extensive literature review, we concluded that 75mg daily is safe and likely to produce the desired effects.
Our goal is to demonstrate the efficacy of zinc as an immunomodulatory agent. If successful, this could be a simple and cost-effective way to improve the quality of life for many people. We would recommend its widespread use under medical supervision, particularly at the doses being studied.

Start Date02 Jan 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator

Consorci Mar Parc de Salut de Barcelona

[+1]

100 Clinical Results associated with Zinc Acetate

100 Translational Medicine associated with Zinc Acetate

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Zinc Acetate

230,612

Literatures (Medical) associated with Zinc Acetate

31 Dec 2025·Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects

Simultaneous improvement in qualities of bio-oil and syngas from catalytic pyrolysis of rice husk by demineralization

Author: Wang, Zhongwen ; Xiong, Yuanquan

This study aims to investigate the influences of different demineralization pretreatment processes on the properties of liquid and gas products from catalytic pyrolysis via activated carbon catalyst.To achieve this goal, deionized water, hydrochloric acid, and acetic acid were used to remove ash.The results indicated that leaching could remove a large amount of alkali and alk. earth metals (AAEMs).Besides, the experiments of different leaching solutions on catalytic fast pyrolysis of rice husks were conducted.It can be found that compared with direct pyrolysis, the catalytic pyrolysis produced more gas products, in which CO increased by 6.49%, while the bio-oil was concentrated in phenols (more than 90%).After demineralization, the content of CO in gas products further increased by 8.04%, while the relative content of phenol in bio-oil enhanced by 14.79% as well.Catalysis can enrich phenol in bio-oil, and leaching can enhance this enrichment.Meanwhile, demineralization can further improve the quality of syngas.The sample after demineralization by hydrochloric acid performed best on catalytic fast pyrolysis, where CO accounts for 57.68% volume of gaseous product and phenol accounted for 68.21% of bio-oil.

31 Dec 2025·CyTA - Journal of Food

Phytochemical composition, phytotoxicity, and ADME modeling of Artemisia absinthium L.: implications for food safety and pharmaceutical applications

Author: Mothana, Ramzi A. ; Hbika, Asmae ; Farihi, Ayoub ; Gharibi, Elkhadir ; Ed-darraz, Fatima-Zahrae ; Hawwal, Mohammed F. ; Benali, Mohammed ; Bouyanzer, Abdelhamid

Artemisia absinthium, an aromatic herb distinguished by its characteristic bitter flavor, has been used in a variety of culinary applications.This study investigates its metabolites through phytochem. methods.The primary minerals in Artemisia absinthium stems are potassium (41%) and calcium (38.3%), forming most of its mineral content.The ethanolic extract exhibited the highest phenolic compound content, with 37.6 ± 0.09 mg GAE/g DE.The primary volatile compound identified was β-thujone, comprising over 26.6% of the volatile content.Palmitic acid is the predominant fatty acid in the hexanic extract (18.7%), while linoleic acid is the main fatty acid in the Et acetate extract (42.4%).Twenty phenolic compounds were identified, with 8-methoxyflavone, (+)-catechin hydrate, and chlorogenic acid as major compounds in dichloromethane, Et acetate, and ethanol extracts, resp.ADME modeling indicating that 8-methoxyflavone, a major component in the dichloromethane extract, is a promising candidate for drug development targeting the central nervous system.

31 Dec 2025·Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry

Discovery of novel biphenyl compounds bearing hydroxamic acid moiety as the first PD-L1/class I HDACs dual inhibitors

Article

Author: Deng, Changchun ; Huang, Yudan ; Yuan, Dandan ; Wu, Xingye ; Ma, Junjie ; Li, Jin ; Liu, Jieqing ; Xia, Lin ; Liu, Han ; Ding, Xueyan ; Gao, Yali ; Dai, Wenqi

Herein, we firstly reported a series of biphenyl compounds bearing hydroxamic acid moiety as PD-L1/class I HDACs dual inhibitors. Among them, compound 14 displayed the strongest inhibitory activity in vitro against HDAC2 and HDAC3 with IC₅₀ values of 27.98 nM and 14.47 nM, and had an IC₅₀ value of 88.10 nM for PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Importantly, 14 could upregulate the expression of PD-L1 and CXCL10 in a PD-L1 low-expression cancer cell line (MCF-7), highlighting the potential to enhance efficacy by recruiting T-cell infiltration into TME and improving the response of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor associated with PD-L1 low-expression. Besides, we identified another compound, 22, which possessed the strongest inhibitory activity against PD-1/PD-L1 interaction with an IC₅₀ value of 12.47 nM, and effectively inhibited the proliferation of three cancer cell lines. Our results suggest that compounds 14 and 22 can be served as lead compounds of PD-L1/class I HDACs dual inhibitors for further optimisation.

News (Medical) associated with Zinc Acetate

28 Apr 2025

·www.globenewswire.com

Eton Pharmaceuticals Announces Submission of NDA for ET-600 (Desmopressin Oral Solution)

- NDA submitted for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus -- Expected 10-month review; commercial preparations underway for a potential Q1 2026 launch – DEER PARK, Ill., April 28, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc (“Eton” or the “Company”) (Nasdaq: ETON), an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases, today announced the submission of a New Drug Application (NDA) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ET-600, Eton’s proprietary, patented oral solution of desmopressin under development for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus. The Company expects the application to be assigned a 10-month FDA review, allowing for potential approval and launch in the first quarter of 2026. “The NDA submission for ET-600 is another important milestone for Eton, and for the thousands of children impacted by diabetes insipidus. If approved, ET-600 will be the only FDA-approved oral liquid formulation of desmopressin, providing the small, precise, and titratable doses required to treat pediatric patients,” said Sean Brynjelsen, CEO of Eton Pharmaceuticals. “Leading pediatric endocrinologists have long expressed a need for this product, and we’re pleased to be one step closer to bringing it to patients. Pre-launch commercial activities are already underway as we plan for a potential approval in the first quarter of 2026.” Eton has been issued a patent by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on ET-600, which expires in 2044 and has additional patent applications under review. In a bioequivalence study conducted in 75 human subjects, ET-600 demonstrated pharmacokinetic equivalence to the FDA-approved reference product of the same active ingredient. The company estimates that central diabetes insipidus impacts approximately 3,000 pediatric patients in the United States. About Eton Pharmaceuticals Eton is an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases. The Company currently has seven commercial rare disease products: INCRELEX®, ALKINDI SPRINKLE®, GALZIN®, PKU GOLIKE®, Carglumic Acid, Betaine Anhydrous, and Nitisinone. The Company has six additional product candidates in late-stage development: ET-400, ET-600, Amglidia®, ET-700, ET-800 and ZENEO® hydrocortisone autoinjector. For more information, please visit our website at www.etonpharma.com. Forward-Looking Statements Statements contained in this press release regarding matters that are not historical facts are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements associated with the expected ability of Eton to undertake certain activities and accomplish certain goals and objectives. These statements include but are not limited to statements regarding Eton’s business strategy, Eton’s plans to develop and commercialize its product candidates, the safety and efficacy of Eton’s product candidates, Eton’s plans and expected timing with respect to regulatory filings and approvals, and the size and growth potential of the markets for Eton’s product candidates. Because such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects,” “intends,” “will,” “goal,” “potential” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon Eton’s current expectations and involve assumptions that may never materialize or may prove to be incorrect. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of various risks and uncertainties, which include, without limitation, risks associated with the process of discovering, developing and commercializing drugs that are safe and effective for use as human therapeutics, and in the endeavor of building a business around such drugs. These and other risks concerning Eton’s development programs and financial position are described in additional detail in Eton’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All forward-looking statements contained in this press release speak only as of the date on which they were made. Eton undertakes no obligation to update such statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made. Investor Relations:Lisa M. Wilson, In-Site Communications, Inc.T: 212-452-2793E: lwilson@insitecony.com Source: Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

NDA

28 Apr 2025

·ir.etonpharma.com

Eton Pharmaceuticals Announces Submission of NDA for ET-600 (Desmopressin Oral Solution) | Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

News Release Details « Back to news Eton Pharmaceuticals Announces Submission of NDA for ET-600 (Desmopressin Oral Solution) - NDA submitted for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus - - Expected 10-month review; commercial preparations underway for a potential Q1 2026 launch – DEER PARK, Ill., April 28, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc (“Eton” or the “Company”) (Nasdaq: ETON), an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases, today announced the submission of a New Drug Application (NDA) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ET-600, Eton’s proprietary, patented oral solution of desmopressin under development for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus. The Company expects the application to be assigned a 10-month FDA review, allowing for potential approval and launch in the first quarter of 2026. “The NDA submission for ET-600 is another important milestone for Eton, and for the thousands of children impacted by diabetes insipidus. If approved, ET-600 will be the only FDA-approved oral liquid formulation of desmopressin, providing the small, precise, and titratable doses required to treat pediatric patients,” said Sean Brynjelsen, CEO of Eton Pharmaceuticals. “Leading pediatric endocrinologists have long expressed a need for this product, and we’re pleased to be one step closer to bringing it to patients. Pre-launch commercial activities are already underway as we plan for a potential approval in the first quarter of 2026.” Eton has been issued a patent by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on ET-600, which expires in 2044 and has additional patent applications under review. In a bioequivalence study conducted in 75 human subjects, ET-600 demonstrated pharmacokinetic equivalence to the FDA-approved reference product of the same active ingredient. The company estimates that central diabetes insipidus impacts approximately 3,000 pediatric patients in the United States. About Eton Pharmaceuticals Eton is an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases. The Company currently has seven commercial rare disease products: INCRELEX®, ALKINDI SPRINKLE®, GALZIN®, PKU GOLIKE®, Carglumic Acid, Betaine Anhydrous, and Nitisinone. The Company has six additional product candidates in late-stage development: ET-400, ET-600, Amglidia®, ET-700, ET-800 and ZENEO® hydrocortisone autoinjector. For more information, please visit our website at www.etonpharma.com. Forward-Looking Statements Statements contained in this press release regarding matters that are not historical facts are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements associated with the expected ability of Eton to undertake certain activities and accomplish certain goals and objectives. These statements include but are not limited to statements regarding Eton’s business strategy, Eton’s plans to develop and commercialize its product candidates, the safety and efficacy of Eton’s product candidates, Eton’s plans and expected timing with respect to regulatory filings and approvals, and the size and growth potential of the markets for Eton’s product candidates. Because such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects,” “intends,” “will,” “goal,” “potential” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon Eton’s current expectations and involve assumptions that may never materialize or may prove to be incorrect. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of various risks and uncertainties, which include, without limitation, risks associated with the process of discovering, developing and commercializing drugs that are safe and effective for use as human therapeutics, and in the endeavor of building a business around such drugs. These and other risks concerning Eton’s development programs and financial position are described in additional detail in Eton’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All forward-looking statements contained in this press release speak only as of the date on which they were made. Eton undertakes no obligation to update such statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made. Investor Relations: Lisa M. Wilson, In-Site Communications, Inc. T: 212-452-2793 E: lwilson@insitecony.com Source: Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Source: Eton Pharmaceuticals

NDA

01 Apr 2025

·www.globenewswire.com

Eton Pharmaceuticals Out-Licenses International Rights to Increlex®

Esteve Pharmaceuticals, S.A. will commercialize Increlex in all markets outside the U.S.DEER PARK, Ill., April 01, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc (“Eton” or the “Company”) (Nasdaq: ETON), an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases, today announced the out-licensing of commercial rights to Increlex® in territories outside of the U.S. to Esteve Pharmaceuticals, S.A. (“Esteve”). “Esteve shares Eton’s dedication to putting patients first and we’re excited to partner with them to distribute this important treatment outside of the U.S. Esteve has the global infrastructure and established presence necessary to successfully commercialize Increlex in countries outside the U.S. This transaction will allow Eton to focus its efforts on the Company’s compelling growth opportunities within the U.S., including its three rare disease product launches planned for 2025, and eliminates the need for significant infrastructure investments that would have been required to commercialize Increlex outside the U.S.,” said Sean Brynjelsen, CEO of Eton Pharmaceuticals. Esteve will license the ex-U.S. rights for up to ten years and will also be receiving an option to acquire the international rights in the future. Eton will supply product to Esteve at a fixed transfer price, and the transaction does not impact the Company’s expectation to exit 2025 at an approximately $80 million annual revenue run rate. About Eton Pharmaceuticals Eton is an innovative pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing treatments for rare diseases. The Company currently has seven commercial rare disease products: INCRELEX®, ALKINDI SPRINKLE®, GALZIN®, PKU GOLIKE®, Carglumic Acid, Betaine Anhydrous, and Nitisinone. The Company has six additional product candidates in late-stage development: ET-400, ET-600, Amglidia®, ET-700, ET-800 and ZENEO® hydrocortisone autoinjector. For more information, please visit our website at www.etonpharma.com. Forward-Looking Statements Statements contained in this press release regarding matters that are not historical facts are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements associated with the expected ability of Eton to undertake certain activities and accomplish certain goals and objectives. These statements include but are not limited to statements regarding Eton’s business strategy, Eton’s plans to develop and commercialize its product candidates, the safety and efficacy of Eton’s product candidates, Eton’s plans and expected timing with respect to regulatory filings and approvals, and the size and growth potential of the markets for Eton’s product candidates. Because such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects,” “intends,” “will,” “goal,” “potential” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon Eton’s current expectations and involve assumptions that may never materialize or may prove to be incorrect. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of various risks and uncertainties, which include, without limitation, risks associated with the process of discovering, developing and commercializing drugs that are safe and effective for use as human therapeutics, and in the endeavor of building a business around such drugs. These and other risks concerning Eton’s development programs and financial position are described in additional detail in Eton’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All forward-looking statements contained in this press release speak only as of the date on which they were made. Eton undertakes no obligation to update such statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that exist after the date on which they were made. Investor Relations:Lisa M. Wilson, In-Site Communications, Inc.T: 212-452-2793E: lwilson@insitecony.com Source: Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

License out/in

100 Deals associated with Zinc Acetate

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D06408	Zinc Acetate	A16AX05	DB14487

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Zinc deficiency	Japan	Nobelpharma Co., Ltd.	25 Jan 2008
Hepatolenticular Degeneration	United States	Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	28 Jan 1997

Developing

10 top R&D records.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Deficiency Diseases	Phase 3	Japan	Nobelpharma Co., Ltd.	01 Jan 2015
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	Phase 3	United States	Theriva Biologics, Inc.	30 Nov 2011
Erythema Infectiosum	Phase 3	-	Nobelpharma Co., Ltd.	01 Oct 2004
Hepatolenticular Degeneration	Phase 3	-	Nobelpharma Co., Ltd.	01 Oct 2004
Diabetic Nephropathies	Preclinical	Japan	Asahikawa Medical University	16 Sep 2014

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Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT05130814 (RISE_UP, CTgov)	Not Applicable	Pressure Ulcer	48	bandage+zinc+hyaluronic acid sodium salt+hyaluronic acid+metallic silver (Control Group)	yvisirbbzf(svixsfltwm) = wfrllbgutn fxnyjetple (dvyakqiqii, vvzscnfqzi - kuroqpdhgw) View more	-	28 Jan 2025
				bandage+zinc+hyaluronic acid sodium salt+hyaluronic acid+metallic silver (EmoLED Group)	yvisirbbzf(svixsfltwm) = toidakrnmy fxnyjetple (dvyakqiqii, hnkghwkxlk - cjqwahymgg) View more
ESMO_ASIA2024	Not Applicable	Mucositis	60	Vitamin C and Zinc injections	viyrhlacld(tmimfggzir) = bwdchrpmce jpbkdhbsgx (vckpbafjxx ) View more	Positive	07 Dec 2024
				vitamin C (Standard care)	viyrhlacld(tmimfggzir) = dhbbtiqgee jpbkdhbsgx (vckpbafjxx ) View more
Corporate Publications Manual	Phase 3	Head and Neck Neoplasms	114	Multikine+Cyclophosphamide+ Indomethacin+Zinc	(majsmtuppg) = hqznityqxl vymqbqiavu (rthsrgprsq ) View more	Positive	18 Jun 2024
				Standard of Care	(majsmtuppg) = ngicgaqmsj vymqbqiavu (rthsrgprsq ) View more
ATS2024	Not Applicable	-	-	Zinc (ZinPro)	zlgqnwaioy(wfhlnjlinb) = omhdfpclft zolsbwgfed (abxmddhuzx )	-	19 May 2024
AASLD2023	Not Applicable	Hepatitis C	147	Anakinra+zinc	iieperhcqr(mcacrkmbmh) = bvjfnexziu wpngecrswo (pzdkmfpsgg )	-	10 Nov 2023
				Prednisone	iieperhcqr(mcacrkmbmh) = fafajxouaq wpngecrswo (pzdkmfpsgg )
EADV2023	Not Applicable	Acne Vulgaris	67	Facial night serum with retinaldehyde, zinc PCA, and niacinamide	kdyyriihqm(ozksihmmti) = 4 out of 67 subjects reported mild events ( burning and itching ) in specific applications that receded almost immediately pmmpfrakes (uzdndqsnxp ) View more	Positive	11 Oct 2023
EANM2021	Not Applicable	99mTc-sestamibi	29	cadmium-zinc-telluride camera (Left Atrium (LA))	lazynyfdhl(hjoxyxxomo) = jzahkteemm kxwhlgipuo (ebnwcukozh ) View more	-	24 Sep 2021
				cadmium-zinc-telluride camera (Left Ventricle (LV))	lazynyfdhl(hjoxyxxomo) = qnkirritpr kxwhlgipuo (ebnwcukozh ) View more
Pubmed \| Biol Trace Elem Res	Not Applicable	-	-	Preventive zinc dispersible tablet (7 mg/d)	vfpgalbcsa(gfrsnawuxt) = mfdvjreuxf akoqkwzzwq (lhjcldxtrn )	-	01 Feb 2021
				Micronutrient powder (10 mg zinc/d)	vfpgalbcsa(gfrsnawuxt) = poymwasuxr akoqkwzzwq (lhjcldxtrn )
NCT03135522 (ZICO, CTgov)	Phase 2	Refractory chronic cough	34	Zinc Acetate 50 Mg Oral Capsule (Zinc Acetate 50 mg Oral Capsule)	yivbikfehb(pjkquejkvg) = upwimxlolj thxmatcpec (vctwrrlpud, ivbczycgqo - fgkfdnrpce) View more	-	22 Dec 2020
				Placebo oral capsule (Placebo Oral Capsule)	yivbikfehb(pjkquejkvg) = gdcjhwgdip thxmatcpec (vctwrrlpud, yxfxafkbbh - yotwixejqd) View more
ASN2020	Not Applicable	Chronic Kidney Diseases	325	Zinc (Zn levels<60 μ g/dl)	uinxhtxycu(xdqjrjocwh) = htmpvtisgr czcmgiosjq (gwvcjqlmzt )	Positive	19 Oct 2020
				Zinc (Zn levels ≥ 60 μ g/dl)	uinxhtxycu(xdqjrjocwh) = oqdwyujxfo czcmgiosjq (gwvcjqlmzt )

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