EZH1

BASKING RIDGE, N.J.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Daiichi Sankyo (TSE: 4568) will present new clinical research across its antibody drug conjugate (ADC) portfolio with more than 25 abstracts across multiple types of cancer at the IASLC 2024 World Conference on Lung Cancer hosted by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (#WCLC24) and the 2024 European Society for Medical Oncology (#ESMO24). Data at WCLC and ESMO showcasing Daiichi Sankyo’s progress towards its goal of creating new standards of care for patients with cancer will include six late-breaking presentations, including two back-to-back presentations during Presidential Symposium 1 featuring datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) data at WCLC, and the first presentation of clinical data of DS-9606, a CLDN6 directed modified pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) ADC from Daiichi Sankyo’s second ADC platform, at ESMO. “ New data in lung, breast, gastric, ovarian, endometrial and other cancers from several of our DXd antibody drug conjugates demonstrates how we are making substantial progress toward creating new standards of care for patients with cancer,” said Ken Takeshita, MD, Global Head, R&D, Daiichi Sankyo. “ We look forward to presenting initial clinical data from our second antibody drug conjugate platform at ESMO, which underscores how Daiichi Sankyo is applying our expertise in this technology to craft new innovation for patients.” Progress in Lung Cancer at WCLC and ESMO Late-breaking data at WCLC to be reported during back-to-back presentations at Presidential Symposium 1 will highlight the first interim results from the NeoCOAST-2 phase 2 platform trial evaluating novel perioperative treatment combinations including one arm studying datopotamab deruxtecan with durvalumab and chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment followed by adjuvant treatment with durvalumab in patients with resectable early-stage (IIA to IIIB) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The second Presidential Symposium 1 presentation will feature results from the application of quantitative continuous scoring (QCS), AstraZeneca’s proprietary computational pathology platform, to measure TROP2 in tissue samples collected in the TROPION-Lung01 phase 3 trial that evaluated datopotamab deruxtecan versus docetaxel in patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC treated with at least one prior line of therapy. Overall survival results from TROPION-Lung01 also will be presented as a late-breaking oral presentation. Other data at WCLC include two oral presentations featuring the interim results from the dose optimization part of the IDeate-Lung01 phase 2 trial of ifinatamab deruxtecan (I-DXd) in patients with pretreated extensive-stage small cell lung cancer and results from the ENHERTU ® (trastuzumab deruxtecan) monotherapy arm of the DESTINY-Lung03 phase 1b trial in patients with previously treated HER2 overexpressing unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC. A trial-in-progress poster from the NSCLC cohort of a phase 1b trial evaluating the combination of datopotamab deruxtecan and valemetostat, a dual inhibitor of EZH1 and EZH2, in previously treated locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC with or without actionable genomic alterations also will be highlighted. At ESMO, additional data in lung cancer being reported include poster presentations featuring a post-hoc analysis of patients with nonsquamous NSCLC by baseline brain metastases status in the TROPION-Lung01 phase 3 trial of datopotamab deruxtecan and intracranial responses seen in the IDeate-Lung01 phase 2 trial of ifinatamab deruxtecan, as well as a trial-in-progress poster featuring the design of the IDeate-Lung03 phase 1b/2 trial of ifinatamab deruxtecan in combination with atezolizumab with or without carboplatin as first-line induction or maintenance therapy in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Continued Innovation in Breast Cancer at ESMO Late-breaking presentations in breast cancer at ESMO will include a proffered paper session featuring the primary results of the DESTINY-Breast12 phase 3b/4 trial evaluating ENHERTU in patients with HER2 positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer with or without brain metastases, and two mini oral sessions highlighting patient reported outcomes and determination of the HER2 low and HER2 ultralow status of tumors from the DESTINY-Breast06 phase 3 trial in patients with HR positive, HER2 low and HER2 ultralow metastatic breast cancer. Two proffered paper sessions will highlight results from the ICARUS-BREAST01 phase 2 study of patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) in patients with HR positive, HER2 negative advanced breast cancer with disease progression following two or more treatments and the investigator-initiated ERICA phase 2 trial evaluating olanzapine-based triplet antiemetic therapy for prevention of nausea and vomiting in combination with ENHERTU in patients with metastatic breast cancer. A mini oral session will feature a supplementary biomarker analysis from the DAISY phase 2 trial evaluating ENHERTU in three cohorts of patients with HER2 expressing metastatic breast cancer and a poster presentation will report on an exploratory biomarker analysis of ENHERTU in patients with HR positive, HER2 low metastatic breast cancer from the DESTINY-Breast04 phase 3 trial. A poster reporting on exposure-adjusted incidence rates of adverse events from the TROPION-Breast01 phase 3 trial of datopotamab deruxtecan versus chemotherapy in patients with previously treated HR positive, HER2 negative metastatic breast cancer also will be featured. Data from Daiichi Sankyo’s Second ADC Platform and DXd ADC Data in Multiple Additional Cancers at ESMO At ESMO, a proffered paper session will highlight preliminary results from a phase 1 trial of DS-9606, a CLDN6 directed modified PBD ADC from Daiichi Sankyo’s second ADC platform, in patients with solid tumors known to express CLDN6. Results from the DESTINY-Gastric03 phase 1b/2 trial evaluating ENHERTU monotherapy or ENHERTU combinations with chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy in patients with HER2 expressing advanced/metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction carcinoma also will be presented at a proffered paper session. A mini oral session will feature results from the TROPION-PanTumor03 phase 2 trial of datopotamab deruxtecan in patients with previously treated recurrent endometrial or ovarian cancer. Trial-in-progress poster presentations will highlight the HERTHENA-PanTumor01 phase 2 trial evaluating patritumab deruxtecan in patients with a broad range of solid tumors including bladder, cervical, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, head and neck, melanoma, ovarian, pancreatic and prostate and a phase 1 trial of DS-1471, a CD147 monoclonal antibody, in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid cancers. Investor Conference Call Following ESMO Daiichi Sankyo will hold a virtual conference call for investors on Tuesday, September 17, 2024 from 8:00 to 9:30 am EDT / 9:00 to 10:30 pm JST. Executives from Daiichi Sankyo will provide an overview of the WCLC and ESMO research data and address questions. WCLC and ESMO Data Highlights Highlights of data from Daiichi Sankyo’s ADC portfolio at WCLC 2024 include: Presentation Title Author Abstract Presentation (PDT) NSCLC NeoCOAST-2: efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant durvalumab (D) + novel anticancer agents + CT and adjuvant D ± novel agents in resectable NSCLC T. Cascone PL02.07 Presidential Symposium 1 Sunday, September 8 8:30 - 10:00 am Normalized membrane ratio of TROP2 by quantitative continuous scoring is predictive of clinical outcomes in TROPION-Lung01 M.C. Garassino PL02.11 Presidential Symposium 1 Sunday, September 8 8:30 - 10:00 am Datopotamab deruxtecan vs docetaxel in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: final overall survival from TROPION-Lung01 J. Sands OA08.03 Oral Presentation Monday, September 9 10:45 - 12:00 pm Trastuzumab deruxtecan monotherapy in pretreated HER2 overexpressing nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer: DESTINY-Lung03 part 1 D. Planchard OA16.05 Oral Presentation Tuesday, September 10 1:30 - 2:45 pm Valemetostat and datopotamab deruxtecan in previously treated, advanced, unresectable, or metastatic non-squamous NSCLC A. Spira P2.10A.04 Poster Session Sunday, September 8 6:15 - 7:45 pm SCLC Ifinatamab deruxtecan (I-DXd) in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC): interim analysis of IDeate-Lung01 C. Rudin OA04.03 Oral Presentation Sunday, September 8 2:00 - 3:15 pm Exposure-response analyses to support phase 3 dose selection for I-DXd (ifinatamab deruxtecan) in extensive stage SCLC patients N. Midde P1.13A.12 Poster Session Sunday, September 8 12:00 - 2:00 pm Highlights of data from Daiichi Sankyo’s ADC portfolio at ESMO 2024 include: Presentation Title Author Abstract Presentation (CEST) NSCLC Datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) vs docetaxel in patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases: results from TROPION-Lung01 E. Pons-Tostivint 1312P Poster Session Saturday, September 14 SCLC Intracranial response in patients with baseline brain metastases and extensive-stage small cell lung cancer treated with ifinatamab deruxtecan (I-DXd) in the IDeate-Lung01 study M. Johnson 1787P Poster Session Saturday, September 14 IDeate-Lung03: a phase 1b/2 study of ifinatamab deruxtecan (I-DXd) plus atezolizumab with or without carboplatin as first line induction or maintenance in patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer C. Rudin 1812TiP Poster Session Saturday, September 14 BREAST Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) in patients with HER2+ advanced/metastatic breast cancer with or without brain metastases: primary results from DESTINY-Breast12 N. Lin LBA18 Proffered Paper Session Friday, September 13 4:00 - 5:30 pm HER2 low and HER2 ultralow status determination in tumors of patients with HR+ mBC in DESTINY-Breast06 G. Viale LBA 21 Mini Oral Session Sunday, September 15 8:30 - 10:00 am Effects of trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) vs treatment of physician’s choice on patient-reported outcomes in hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) low/ultralow metastatic breast cancer: results from DESTINY-Breast06 X. Hu LBA22 Mini Oral Session Sunday, September 15 8:30 - 10:00 am Efficacy, safety and biomarker analysis of ICARUS-BREAST01: a phase 2 study of patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) in patients with HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer B. Pistilli 340O Proffered Paper Session Friday, September 13 4:00 - 5:30 pm A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of olanzapine-based triplet antiemetic therapy for prevention of delayed and persistent nausea and vomiting induced by trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with metastatic breast cancer: ERICA study H. Sakai 1816O Proffered Paper Session Saturday, September 14 2:45 - 4:25 pm Unraveling the mechanisms of action and resistance to trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd): supplementary biomarker analyses from DAISY trial F. Mosele 343MO Mini Oral Session Sunday, September 15 8:30 - 10:00 am Exploratory biomarker analysis of trastuzumab deruxtecan versus treatment of physician’s choice in HER2-low, hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer in DESTINY-Breast04 N. Ueno 432P Poster Session Monday, September 16 Exposure-adjusted incidence rates of adverse events from the TROPION-Breast01 study of datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) vs investigator’s choice of chemotherapy in patients with pretreated, inoperable/ metastatic HR+/HER2- breast cancer H. Rugo 431P Poster Session Monday, September 16 Treatment patterns and outcomes in HER2 low, HR+ metastatic breast cancer patients previously treated with endocrine therapy in the United States S. Modi 399P Poster Session Monday, September 16 OTHER SOLID TUMORS Preliminary results from a phase 1, first-in-human study of DS-9606a, a Claudin 6 (CLDN6) directed antibody drug conjugate, in patients with tumor types known to express CLDN6 M. Patel 610O Proffered Paper Session Sunday, September 15 2:45 - 4:15 pm Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) monotherapy and combinations in patients with advanced/metastatic HER2 positive esophageal, gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: DESTINY-Gastric03 Y. Janjigian 1401O Proffered Paper Session Saturday, September 14 8:30 - 10:00 am Datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) monotherapy in patients with endometrial or ovarian cancer: results from the phase 2 TROPION-PanTumor03 study A. Oaknin 714MO Mini Oral Session Sunday, September 15 2:45 - 4:15 pm HERTHENA-PanTumor01: A global phase 2 trial of HER3-DXd in metastatic solid tumors T. Powles 690TiP Poster Session Saturday, September 14 A phase 1, first-in-human study of DS-1471 in patients with advanced/metastatic solid tumors S. Koganemaru 682TiP Poster Session Saturday, September 14 Claudin-6 expression in primary and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer: a potential therapeutic target for high-grade serous ovarian cancer D. Shintani 771P Poster Session Saturday, September 14 About the ADC Portfolio of Daiichi Sankyo The Daiichi Sankyo ADC portfolio consists of seven ADCs in clinical development crafted from two distinct ADC technology platforms discovered in-house by Daiichi Sankyo. The ADC platform furthest in clinical development is Daiichi Sankyo’s DXd ADC Technology where each ADC consists of a monoclonal antibody attached to a number of topoisomerase I inhibitor payloads (an exatecan derivative, DXd) via tetrapeptide-based cleavable linkers. The DXd ADC portfolio currently consists of ENHERTU, a HER2 directed ADC, and datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd), a TROP2 directed ADC, which are being jointly developed and commercialized globally with AstraZeneca. Patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd), a HER3 directed ADC, ifinatamab deruxtecan (I-DXd), a B7-H3 directed ADC, and raludotatug deruxtecan (R-DXd), a CDH6 directed ADC, are being jointly developed and commercialized globally with Merck. DS-3939, a TA-MUC1 directed ADC, is being developed by Daiichi Sankyo. The second Daiichi Sankyo ADC platform consists of a monoclonal antibody attached to a modified PBD payload. DS-9606, a CLDN6 directed PBD ADC, is the first of several planned ADCs in clinical development utilizing this platform. Datopotamab deruxtecan, ifinatamab deruxtecan, patritumab deruxtecan, raludotatug deruxtecan, DS-3939 and DS-9606 are investigational medicines that have not been approved for any indication in any country. Safety and efficacy have not been established. About Daiichi Sankyo Daiichi Sankyo is an innovative global healthcare company contributing to the sustainable development of society that discovers, develops and delivers new standards of care to enrich the quality of life around the world. With more than 120 years of experience, Daiichi Sankyo leverages its world-class science and technology to create new modalities and innovative medicines for people with cancer, cardiovascular and other diseases with high unmet medical needs. For more information, please visit www.daiichisankyo.com .

Ad hoc announcement pursuant to Art. 53 LR Q2 net sales grew +11% (cc1, +9% USD) with core operating income up +19% (cc, +17% USD) Sales growth driven by continued strong performance from Entresto (+28% cc), Kesimpta (+65% cc), Cosentyx (+22% cc), Kisqali (+50% cc), Leqvio (+134% cc) and Pluvicto (+44% cc)Core operating income margin 39.6%, +270 basis points (cc), mainly driven by higher net sales Q2 operating income grew +47% (cc, +43% USD) and net income up +49% (cc, +43% USD)Q2 core EPS grew +21% (cc, +17% USD) to USD 1.97Q2 free cash flow1 of USD 4.6 billion (+40% USD) driven by higher net cash flows from operating activitiesH1 sales up +11% (cc, +9% USD) and core operating income up +21% (cc, +16% USD)Q2 selected innovation milestones: Fabhalta (iptacopan) received EU, Japan and China approval for the treatment of PNH Lutathera approved by FDA for pediatric GEP-NET patients (≥12 years) Scemblix filing for 1L CML accepted by FDA; received Breakthrough Therapy designationAtrasentan FDA filing accepted for the treatment of adult patients with IgANKisqali NATALEE updated data showed continued clinical benefit with median follow-up ~4 years Full-year 2024 guidance raised for core operating income based on strong momentum2 Net sales expected to grow high-single to low double-digit (unchanged)Core operating income expected to grow mid- to high teens (from low double-digit to mid-teens) Basel, July 18, 2024 – commenting on Q2 2024 results, Vas Narasimhan, CEO of Novartis, said: “Novartis delivered a strong Q2, with net sales up 11% and core operating income margin approaching 40%. Our performance reflects continued strong momentum of our key growth drivers, both in the US and ex-US, which has allowed us to upgrade our FY2024 guidance. We also advanced our pipeline in Q2, completing submissions to the FDA for Scemblix in first-line CML and atrasentan in IgAN, generating updated data in the NATALEE study to support the strong profile of Kisqali in eBC, and executing multiple deals to expand our pipeline in RLT and prostate cancer. We remain on track to achieve our mid-term sales growth (+5% cc CAGR 2023-2028) and margin (40%+ by 2027) guidance.” Key figuresContinuing operations3 Q2 2024Q2 2023% changeH1 2024H1 2023% change USD m USD mUSDcc USD m USD mUSDccNet sales12 51211 437911 24 34122 235911Operating income4 0142 8074347 7 3875 4253643Net income3 2462 2714349 5 9344 4213443EPS (USD)1.601.094752 2.912.123747Free cash flow4 6153 29240 6 6535 97611 Core operating income4 9534 2401719 9 4908 1461621Core net income4 0083 5021418 7 6896 7351419Core EPS (USD)1.971.691721 3.773.231722 1. Constant currencies (cc), core results and free cash flow are non-IFRS measures. An explanation of non-IFRS measures can be found on page 43 of the Interim Financial Report. Unless otherwise noted, all growth rates in this Release refer to same period in prior year. 2. Please see detailed guidance assumptions on page 7. 3. As defined on page 33 of the Interim Financial Report, Continuing operations include the retained business activities of Novartis, comprising the innovative medicines business and the continuing corporate activities and Discontinued operations include operational results from the Sandoz business. Strategy Our focus In 2023, Novartis completed its transformation into a “pure-play” innovative medicines business. We have a clear focus on four core therapeutic areas (cardiovascular-renal-metabolic, immunology, neuroscience and oncology), with multiple significant in-market and pipeline assets in each of these areas, that address high disease burden and have substantial growth potential. In addition to two established technology platforms (chemistry and biotherapeutics), three emerging platforms (gene & cell therapy, radioligand therapy and xRNA) are being prioritized for continued investment into new R&D capabilities and manufacturing scale. Geographically, we are focused on growing in our priority geographies – the US, China, Germany and Japan. Our priorities Accelerate growth: Renewed attention to deliver high-value medicines (NMEs) and focus on launch excellence, with a rich pipeline across our core therapeutic areas.Deliver returns: Continuing to embed operational excellence and deliver improved financials. Novartis remains disciplined and shareholder-focused in our approach to capital allocation, with substantial cash generation and a strong capital structure supporting continued flexibility. Strengthening foundations: Unleashing the power of our people, scaling data science and technology and continuing to build trust with society. Financials Following the September 15, 2023, shareholder approval of the spin-off of Sandoz, Novartis reported its consolidated financial statements as “continuing operations” and “discontinued operations.” Continuing operations include the retained business activities of Novartis, comprising the innovative medicines business and the continuing corporate activities. Discontinued operations include the Sandoz Division and selected portions of corporate activities attributable to Sandoz’s business, as well as certain expenses related to the spin-off. While the commentary below focuses on continuing operations, we also provide information on discontinued operations. Continuing operations Second quarter Net sales were USD 12.5 billion (+9%, +11% cc), with volume contributing 15 percentage points to growth. Generic competition had a negative impact of 2 percentage points and pricing had a negative impact of 2 percentage points. Operating income was USD 4.0 billion (+43%, +47% cc), mainly driven by higher net sales and lower impairments, partly offset by higher R&D investments. Net income was USD 3.2 billion (+43%, +49% cc), mainly driven by higher operating income. EPS was USD 1.60 (+47%, +52% cc), benefiting from the lower weighted average number of shares outstanding. Core operating income was USD 5.0 billion (+17%, +19% cc), mainly driven by higher net sales, partly offset by higher R&D investments. Core operating income margin was 39.6% of net sales, increasing 2.5 percentage points (+2.7 percentage points cc). Core net income was USD 4.0 billion (+14%, +18% cc), mainly due to higher core operating income. Core EPS was USD 1.97 (+17%, +21% cc), benefiting from the lower weighted average number of shares outstanding. Free cash flow from continuing operations amounted to USD 4.6 billion (+40% USD), compared with USD 3.3 billion in the prior-year quarter, driven by higher net cash flows from operating activities from continuing operations. First half Net sales were USD 24.3 billion (+9%, +11% cc), with volume contributing 15 percentage points to growth. Generic competition had a negative impact of 2 percentage points and pricing had negative impact of 2 percentage points. Operating income was USD 7.4 billion (+36%, +43% cc), mainly driven by higher net sales and lower impairments and restructuring charges, partly offset by a prior-year one-time income from legal matters. Net income was USD 5.9 billion (+34%, +43% cc), mainly driven by higher operating income. EPS was USD 2.91 (+37%, +47% cc), benefiting from the lower weighted average number of shares outstanding. Core operating income was USD 9.5 billion (+16%, +21% cc), mainly driven by higher net sales, partly offset by higher R&D investments. Core operating income margin was 39.0% of net sales, increasing 2.4 percentage points (+3.1 percentage points cc). Core net income was USD 7.7 billion (+14%, +19% cc), mainly due to higher core operating income. Core EPS was USD 3.77 (+17%, +22% cc), benefiting from the lower weighted average number of shares outstanding. Free cash flow from continuing operations amounted to USD 6.7 billion (+11% USD), compared with USD 6.0 billion in the prior-year period, driven by higher net cash flows from operating activities from continuing operations. Discontinued operations Discontinued operations include the Sandoz generic pharmaceuticals and biosimilars division, certain corporate activities attributable to Sandoz and certain other expenses related to the spin-off of the Sandoz business. Second quarter As the Sandoz spin-off was completed on October 3, 2023, there were no operating results in the second quarter of 2024 related to discontinued operations. In the second quarter of 2023, discontinued operations net sales were USD 2.4 billion, operating income amounted to USD 113 million and net income from discontinued operations was USD 46 million. For further details see Note 3 “Significant acquisition of businesses and spin-off of Sandoz business” and Note 11 “Discontinued operations” to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements. First half As the Sandoz spin-off was completed on October 3, 2023, there were no operating results in the first half 2024 related to discontinued operations. In the first half 2023, discontinued operations net sales were USD 5.0 billion, operating income amounted to USD 351 million and net income from discontinued operations was USD 190 million. For further details see Note 3 “Significant acquisition of businesses and spin-off of Sandoz business” and Note 11 “Discontinued operations” to the condensed interim consolidated financial statements. Total Company Second quarter Total Company net income was USD 3.2 billion in 2024, compared to USD 2.3 billion in 2023 and basic EPS was USD 1.60 compared to USD 1.11 in prior year quarter. Net cash flows from operating activities for total Company amounted to USD 4.9 billion and free cash flow amounted to USD 4.6 billion. First half Total Company net income was USD 5.9 billion in 2024, compared to USD 4.6 billion in 2023 and basic EPS was USD 2.91 compared to USD 2.20 in prior year. Net cash flows from operating activities for total Company amounted to USD 7.1 billion and free cash flow amounted to USD 6.7 billion. Q2 key growth drivers Underpinning our financial results in the quarter is a continued focus on key growth drivers (ranked in order of contribution to Q2 growth) including: Entresto(USD 1 898 million, +28% cc) sustained robust demand-led growth, with increased penetration in the US and Europe following guideline-directed medical therapy in heart failure, as well as in China with increased penetration in hypertensionKesimpta(USD 799 million, +65% cc) sales grew across all regions reflecting increased demand and strong access for a high efficacy product with convenient self-administered dosingCosentyx(USD 1 526 million, +22% cc) sales grew mainly in the US, driven by recent launches (including the HS indication and the IV formulation in the US) in addition to volume growth in core indicationsKisqali(USD 717 million, +50% cc) sales grew strongly across all regions, based on increasing recognition of its overall survival benefit in HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer and Category 1 NCCN guidelines recommendation Leqvio(USD 182 million, +134% cc) continued to show steady growth, with a focus on increasing account and patient adoption, growing customer confidence in acquisition and access, and continuing medical educationPluvicto(USD 345 million, +44% cc) grew in the US and Europe. With supply now unconstrained, the focus is on increasing share in established RLT sites, opening new sites and referral pathways, and initiating new patientsXolair(USD 427 million, +22% cc) growth was driven mainly by emerging growth markets and Europe Ilaris(USD 368 million, +20% cc) sales grew across all regions, mainly US and EuropeScemblix(USD 164 million, +56% cc) sales grew across all regions, demonstrating the high unmet need in later lines of CML Jakavi(USD 471 million, +13% cc) sales grew across all regions, with strong demand in both myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera indicationsTafinlar + Mekinist(USD 523 million, +9% cc) sales grew in all regions, led by emerging growth markets Lutathera(USD 175 million, +17% cc) sales grew across all regions due to increased demand, following the presentation of NETTER-2 results in 1L GEP-NET Fabhalta(USD 22 million) continued to show encouraging early launch indicators in the US, as the first oral monotherapy approved for PNH patientsEmerging Growth Markets*Grew +16% (cc) overall. China grew +27% (cc) to USD 1.1 billion, mainly driven by Entresto and Xolair *All markets except the US, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand Net sales of the top 20 brands in Q2 2024 Q2 2024 % changeH1 2024 % change USD mUSDccUSD mUSD ccEntresto1 89825283 7773032Cosentyx1 52620222 8522123Kesimpta79963651 4366466Kisqali71745501 3444852Promacta/Revolade544-7-51 064-6-4Tafinlar + Mekinist5235999757Jakavi4718139491215Tasigna446-6-4841-10-9Xolair42718228261518Ilaris36816207241217Sandostatin Group313-5-466813Pluvicto34544446554545Zolgensma349121464446Lucentis275-30-28589-27-26Exforge Group178-3137003Lutathera17517173441516Leqvio182133134333135137Gilenya138-49-47313-38-36Scemblix16455563006567Diovan Group16039300-41Top 20 brands total9 998151819 3261618 R&D update - key developments from the second quarter New approvals Fabhalta(iptacopan)EU, Japan and China approval for the treatment of adults with the rare blood disorder paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).Lutathera(lutetium Lu 177 dotatate)FDA approval for the treatment of pediatric patients (≥12 years) with somatostatin receptor-positive gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Regulatory updates Scemblix(asciminib)FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation to Scemblix for the treatment of adult patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (Ph+ CML-CP). FDA submission for first-line CML is completed and under Real-Time Oncology Review.AtrasentanFDA filing accepted for the treatment of adult patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN).Lutathera(lutetium Lu 177 dotatate)EU filing accepted for the treatment of newly diagnosed, unresectable or metastatic, well-differentiated (G2 and G3), somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NETs in adults. Results from ongoing trials and other highlights Scemblix(asciminib)In the Phase III ASC4FIRST study, Scemblix demonstrated superior major molecular response rates at week 48 vs investigator-selected standard-of-care tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (67.7% vs 49.0%) and vs imatinib alone (69.3% vs 40.2%) in adults with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML-CP. Scemblix also demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile. These results have been submitted to the FDA under Real-Time Oncology Review. Data presented at ASCO and EHA 2024 and published in the New England Journal of Medicine. Kisqali(ribociclib)New analyses following the end of Kisqali treatment for all patients in the Phase III NATALEE study in HR+/HER2- early breast cancer showed a continued clinically meaningful benefit with a consistent safety profile. Results to be presented at an upcoming medical meeting. In addition, a subgroup analysis from the NATALEE study at the time of final iDFS data cut-off showed the addition of Kisqali to endocrine therapy in patients with high-risk node-negative (N0) disease resulted in a 28% risk reduction in iDFS. The efficacy, safety and tolerability profile observed in the high-risk N0 subgroup​ is consistent with the overall NATALEE study population. Data presented at ASCO 2024.Fabhalta(iptacopan)Phase III APPEAR-C3G data showed a 35.1% proteinuria reduction vs placebo at 6 months for C3G patients treated with Fabhalta in addition to supportive care. Secondary endpoint data for estimated glomerular filtration rate showed numerical improvement over 6 months vs placebo. The study also showed Fabhalta has a favorable safety profile with no new safety signals. Submissions to the FDA and EMA for the adult C3 glomerulopathy indication are planned for H2 2024. Data presented at ERA 2024. Phase III APPLAUSE-IgAN data showed a 38.3% proteinuria reduction at nine months vs placebo for patients with IgAN. Fabhalta was well tolerated with a favorable safety profile consistent with previously reported data. Data presented at WCN 2024.AtrasentanResults from a pre-specified interim analysis of Phase III ALIGN data showed patients treated with atrasentan, in addition to supportive care with a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor, achieved a statistically significant 36.1% reduction in proteinuria vs placebo on top of supportive care at 36 weeks. Results presented at ERA 2024.RemibrutinibPhase III REMIX-1 and REMIX-2 data showed sustained efficacy and long-term safety of oral remibrutinib in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) patients, with improvements in weekly urticaria activity scores observed as early as week 1 and sustained to week 52. Across both studies, remibrutinib demonstrated a favorable and consistent safety profile up to one year, including balanced liver function tests vs placebo. Novartis plans to submit remibrutinib for regulatory approval in 2025. Data presented at EAACI 2024.Coartem (artemether- lumefantrine)Phase II/III CALINA study data demonstrated that an optimized dose of Coartem developed for babies weighing <5kg with malaria has the required pharmacokinetic profile and good efficacy and safety. Data presented at the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria Pan-African Malaria Conference 2024.Deals In line with our strategic focus on oncology, Novartis acquired >90% of the total share capital of MorphoSys AG, adding to our pipeline pelabresib, a late-stage investigational BET inhibitor for myelofibrosis, and tulmimetostat, an early-stage investigational dual inhibitor of EZH2 and EZH1 for solid tumors or lymphomas. Novartis acquired Mariana Oncology, a biotech company focused on developing novel radioligand therapies (RLTs) across a range of solid tumors. The acquisition brings a robust portfolio of RLT programs, including MC-339, an actinium-based RLT being investigated in small cell lung cancer. Novartis expanded its peptide discovery collaboration with PeptiDream. Under the multi-program agreement, PeptiDream will identify and optimize novel macrocyclic peptides against targets selected by Novartis, for potential application in RLT. Novartis signed an exclusive strategic license agreement with Arvinas for the worldwide development and commercialization of ARV-766, a second generation PROTAC® androgen receptor (AR) degrader, complementing our RLT platform in prostate cancer. Capital structure and net debt Retaining a good balance between investment in the business, a strong capital structure and attractive shareholder returns remains a priority. During the first half of 2024, Novartis repurchased a total of 26.7 million shares for USD 2.7 billion on the SIX Swiss Exchange second trading line. These purchases included 25.9 million shares (USD 2.6 billion) under the up-to USD 15 billion share buyback announced in July 2023 (with up to USD 10.1 billion still to be executed). In addition, 0.8 million shares (USD 0.1 billion) were repurchased to mitigate dilution related to participation plans of associates, with the remainder of repurchases for this purpose to be executed in H2 2024. Further, 1.1 million shares (for an equity value of USD 0.1 billion) were repurchased from associates. In the same period, 8.4 million shares (for an equity value of USD 0.5 billion) were delivered as a result of share deliveries related to participation plans of associates. Consequently, the total number of shares outstanding decreased by 19.4 million versus December 31, 2023. These treasury share transactions resulted in an equity decrease of USD 2.3 billion and a net cash outflow of USD 2.7 billion. As of June 30, 2024, net debt increased to USD 18.8 billion compared to USD 10.2 billion net debt at December 31, 2023. The increase was mainly due to the USD 7.6 billion annual dividend payment, net cash outflow for M&A / intangible assets transactions of USD 5.0 billion and cash outflow for treasury share transactions of USD 2.7 billion, partially offset by USD 6.7 billion free cash flow. As of Q2 2024, the long-term credit rating for the company is Aa3 with Moody’s Ratings and AA- with S&P Global Ratings. 2024 outlook Barring unforeseen events; growth vs prior year in ccPrevious guidanceNet salesExpected to grow high single to low double-digit(unchanged)Core operating incomeExpected to grow mid- to high teens(from low double-digit to mid-teens) Key assumptions: Our guidance assumes that no Entresto generics and no Promacta generics launch in the US in 2024 Foreign exchange impact If mid-July exchange rates prevail for the remainder of 2024, the foreign exchange impact for the year would be negative 2 to negative 1 percentage points on net sales and negative 3 percentage points on core operating income. The estimated impact of exchange rates on our results is provided monthly on our website. 2025 Annual General Meeting Nomination for election to the Board of Directors The Novartis Board of Directors announced today that it is nominating Elizabeth M. McNally, MD, PhD, for election to the Board. Dr. McNally is Director of the Center for Genetic Medicine at Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, and as a practicing cardiologist and renowned research leader specializing in the genetics of cardiovascular and neuromuscular disorders, her clinical and scientific expertise will add greatly to the Novartis Board of Directors. Dr. McNally completed her MD and PhD at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and trained in Internal Medicine and Cardiology at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital at Harvard Medical School. She is a member of the National Academy of Medicine, serves on the Board of the Muscular Dystrophy Association, and is also the Founder and CEO of Ikaika Therapeutics. Board of Directors announcements The Board also noted Charles L. Sawyers and William T. Winters will not stand for re-election at the AGM 2025 in accordance with the 12-year term limit. The Board of Directors and the Executive Committee of Novartis thank them for their outstanding contributions and many years of distinguished service. Key figures1 Continuing operations2Q2 2024Q2 2023% change H1 2024H1 2023% change USD m USD mUSDcc USD m USD mUSDccNet sales12 51211 437911 24 34122 235911Operating income4 0142 8074347 7 3875 4253643As a % of sales32.124.5 30.324.4 Net income3 2462 2714349 5 9344 4213443EPS (USD)1.601.094752 2.912.123747Cash flows from operating activities4 8753 51739 7 1406 36912 Non-IFRS measures Free cash flow 4 6153 29240 6 6535 97611 Core operating income4 9534 2401719 9 4908 1461621As a % of sales39.637.1 39.036.6 Core net income4 0083 5021418 7 6896 7351419Core EPS (USD)1.971.691721 3.773.231722 Discontinued operations2Q2 2024Q2 2023% change H1 2024H1 2023% change USD m USD mUSDcc USD m USD mUSDccNet sales 2 449nmnm 4 952nmnmOperating income 113nmnm 351nmnmAs a % of sales 4.6 7.1 Net income 46nmnm 190nmnmNon-IFRS measures Core operating income 428nmnm 935nmnmAs a % of sales 17.5 18.9 Total CompanyQ2 2024Q2 2023% change H1 2024H1 2023% change USD m USD mUSDcc USD m USD mUSDccNet income3 2462 317nmnm 5 9344 611nmnmEPS (USD)1.601.11nmnm 2.912.20nmnmCash flows from operating activities4 8753 576nmnm 7 1406 533nmnmNon-IFRS measures Free cash flow 4 6153 275nmnm 6 6535 995nmnmCore net income4 0083 811nmnm 7 6897 425nmnmCore EPS (USD)1.971.83nmnm 3.773.54nmnm nm=not meaningful 1. Constant currencies (cc), core results and free cash flow are non-IFRS measures. An explanation of non-IFRS measures can be found on page 43 of the Interim Financial Report. Unless otherwise noted, all growth rates in this Release refer to same period in prior year.2. As defined on page 33 of the Interim Financial Report, Continuing operations include the retained business activities of Novartis, comprising the innovative medicines business and the continuing corporate activities and Discontinued operations include operational results from the Sandoz business. Detailed financial results accompanying this press release are included in the Interim Financial Report at the link below:https://ml-eu.globenewswire.com/resource/download/a9652d15-40e9-4a4b-b225-32014f48e99e/ DisclaimerThis press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that can generally be identified by words such as “may,” “will,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “grow,” “launch,” “expect,” “deliver,” “focus,” “address,” “accelerate,” “deliver,” “remain,” “scaling,” “guidance,” “outlook,” “long-term,” “priority,” “potential,” “can,” “trajectory” or similar expressions, or by express or implied discussions regarding potential new products, potential new indications for existing products, potential product launches, or regarding potential future revenues from any such products; or regarding results of ongoing clinical trials; or regarding potential future, pending or announced transactions, including completion of the acquisition of MorphoSys AG; regarding potential future sales or earnings; or by discussions of strategy, plans, expectations or intentions, including discussions regarding our continued investment into new R&D capabilities and manufacturing; or regarding our capital structure; or regarding the consequences of the spin-off of Sandoz and our transformation into a “pure-play” innovative medicines company. Such forward-looking statements are based on the current beliefs and expectations of management regarding future events and are subject to significant known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these statements. There can be no guarantee that the investigational or approved products described in this press release will be submitted or approved for sale or for any additional indications or labeling in any market, or at any particular time. Nor can there be any guarantee that such products will be commercially successful in the future. Neither can there be any guarantee expected benefits or synergies from the transactions described in this press release will be achieved in the expected timeframe, or at all. In particular, our expectations could be affected by, among other things: uncertainties regarding the success of key products, commercial priorities and strategy; uncertainties in the research and development of new products, including clinical trial results and additional analysis of existing clinical data; uncertainties regarding the use of new and disruptive technologies, including artificial intelligence; global trends toward healthcare cost containment, including ongoing government, payer and general public pricing and reimbursement pressures and requirements for increased pricing transparency; uncertainties regarding our ability to realize the strategic benefits, operational efficiencies or opportunities expected from our external business opportunities; our ability to realize the intended benefits of our separation of Sandoz into a new publicly traded standalone company; our ability to obtain or maintain proprietary intellectual property protection, including the ultimate extent of the impact on Novartis of the loss of patent protection and exclusivity on key products; uncertainties in the development or adoption of potentially transformational digital technologies and business models; uncertainties surrounding the implementation of our new IT projects and systems; uncertainties regarding potential significant breaches of information security or disruptions of our information technology systems; uncertainties regarding actual or potential legal proceedings, including regulatory actions or delays or government regulation related to the products and pipeline products described in this press release; safety, quality, data integrity, or manufacturing issues; our performance on and ability to comply with environmental, social and governance measures and requirements; major political, macroeconomic and business developments, including impact of the war in certain parts of the world; uncertainties regarding future global exchange rates; uncertainties regarding future demand for our products; and other risks and factors referred to in Novartis AG’s most recently filed Form 20-F and in subsequent reports filed with, or furnished to, the US Securities and Exchange Commission. Novartis is providing the information in this press release as of this date and does not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. All product names appearing in italics are trademarks owned by or licensed to Novartis. This communication is neither an offer to purchase nor a solicitation of an offer to sell shares of MorphoSys. The final terms and further provisions regarding the delisting purchase offer are available in the offer document published by Novartis BidCo AG (formerly known as Novartis data42 AG) (the “Bidder”). The offer document has been approved by the BaFin and has been filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The solicitation and offer to buy shares of MorphoSys is only being made pursuant the offer document. In connection with the Offer, the Bidder and Novartis AG have filed Tender Offer Statement on Schedule TO with the SEC (together with the offer document, an Offer to Purchase including the means to tender and other related documents, the “Offer Documents”), the management board and supervisory board of MorphoSys have issued a joint reasoned statement in accordance with sec. 27 of the German Securities Acquisition and Takeover Act and MorphoSys has filed a Solicitation/Recommendation Statement on Schedule 14D-9 with the SEC (together with the joint reasoned statement, the “Recommendation Statements”). THE MORPHOSYS SHAREHOLDERS AND OTHER INVESTORS ARE URGED TO READ THE OFFER DOCUMENTS AND THE RECOMMENDATION STATEMENTS BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION WHICH SHOULD BE READ CAREFULLY BEFORE ANY DECISION IS MADE WITH RESPECT TO THE OFFER. The Offer Documents and the Recommendation Statements have been distributed to all stockholders of MorphoSys in accordance with German and U.S. securities laws. The Tender Offer Statement on Schedule TO and the Solicitation/Recommendation Statement on Schedule 14D-9 are available for free at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Additional copies may be obtained for free by contacting the Bidder or MorphoSys. Free copies of these materials and certain other offering documents are available on the Bidder’s website at www.novartis.com/investors/morphosys-acquisition or by contacting the Bidder’s investor relations department at +41 61 324 7944. About Novartis Novartis is an innovative medicines company. Every day, we work to reimagine medicine to improve and extend people’s lives so that patients, healthcare professionals and societies are empowered in the face of serious disease. Our medicines reach more than 250 million people worldwide. Reimagine medicine with us: Visit us at https://www.novartis.com and connect with us on LinkedIn, Facebook, X/Twitter and Instagram. Novartis will conduct a conference call with investors to discuss this news release today at 14:00 Central European time and 8:00 Eastern Time. A simultaneous webcast of the call for investors and other interested parties may be accessed by visiting the Novartis website. A replay will be available after the live webcast by visiting https://www.novartis.com/investors/event-calendar. Detailed financial results accompanying this press release are included in the condensed interim financial report at the link below. Additional information is provided on our business and pipeline of selected compounds in late-stage development. A copy of today's earnings call presentation can be found at https://www.novartis.com/investors/event-calendar. Important dates October 29, 2024 November 20-21, 2024 January 31, 2025 Third quarter & nine months 2024 resultsMeet Novartis Management 2024 (London, UK)Fourth quarter & full year 2024 results Please find full media release in English attached and on the following link:Media Release (PDF) Further language versions are available through the following links: German version is available through the following link:Medienmitteilung (PDF) French version is available through the following link:Communiqué aux médias (PDF)

TOKYO, Japan I June 24, 2024 I Daiichi Sankyo’s (TSE: 4568) EZHARMIA® (valemetostat tosilate) has been approved in Japan for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). EZHARMIA is now the first dual inhibitor of EZH1 and EZH2 to be approved for PTCL after receiving SAKIGAKE designation for this indication. PTCL is a group of rare and often aggressive blood cancers, which represent about 10 to 15% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL).1 PTCL is more common in Asia, including in Japan, compared to other parts of the world.2 A majority of patients with PTCL experience disease progression following initial treatment with a multi-drug chemotherapy-based regimen and median overall survival following relapse is approximately 5.8 months.1 The approval of EZHARMIA by the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) is based on results of the VALENTINE-PTCL01 phase 2 trial, which were presented at the 2023 American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting. In VALENTINE-PTCL01, an objective response rate (ORR) of 43.7% (n=52, 95% CI: 34.6-53.1) was observed for EZHARMIA in 119 efficacy evaluable patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL as assessed by CT-based blinded independent central review (BICR). Seventeen complete responses (CRs) and 35 partial responses (PRs) were observed. Responses were seen across a variety of PTCL subtypes including angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), PTCL not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) and other PTCL subtypes. “This second indication for EZHARMIA in Japan is an important advance for the treatment of relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma, as new and effective treatment options are needed to improve patient outcomes,” said Toshinori Agatsuma, PhD, Executive Officer, Head of R&D Division in Japan, Daiichi Sankyo. “EZHARMIA exemplifies the innovative research being conducted by Daiichi Sankyo aimed at creating new medicines with potential to change the standard of care for patients with cancer.” The safety profile of EZHARMIA in VALENTINE-PTCL01 was consistent with previous clinical trials. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 106 of 133 patients (79.7%) with the most common including platelet count decrease (44.4%), anemia (27.1%), dysgeusia (24.8%) and neutrophil count decrease (21.1%). About VALENTINE-PTCL01 Trial VALENTINE-PTCL01 is a global, open-label, single-arm, two-cohort phase 2 study evaluating the efficacy and safety of EZHARMIA in patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) who received at least one systemic therapy and were ineligible for hematopoietic stem cell transplant at the time of screening. One cohort enrolled patients with PTCL and a second cohort enrolled patients with ATLL. The primary endpoint of VALENTINE-PTCL01 is ORR assessed by CT-based BICR. Secondary endpoints include duration of response, CR, PR, duration of CR and progression-free survival – all assessed by both BICR and investigator assessment – as well as ORR assessed by investigator, overall survival, safety and pharmacokinetics. Exploratory endpoints include PET-CT-based BICR and biomarker mutational status. Responses were evaluated based on Lugano 2014 response criteria. VALENTINE-PTCL01 enrolled 133 patients at multiple sites in Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania. For more information about this study, visit ClinicalTrials.gov. About Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma PTCL is a group of rare and often aggressive blood cancers, which represent 10 to 15% of all NHLs.1 Approximately 553,000 new cases of NHL were diagnosed worldwide in 2022.3 There are at least 29 recognized subtypes of PTCL, which occur with significant geographic variation.4 PTCL is more common in Asia, including in Japan, compared to other parts of the world.2 Prognosis of PTCL is generally poor, with a five-year overall survival rate of 32% in AITL and PTCL-NOS, and 7% or lower in certain subtypes.5 A majority of patients with PTCL experience disease progression following initial treatment with a multi-drug chemotherapy-based regimen and median overall survival following relapse is approximately 5.8 months.1 Development of more effective medicines for PTCL continues to be an unmet clinical need, particularly in the relapsed or refractory setting.1 About EZH1 and EZH2 The EZH1 (enhancer of zeste homolog 1) and EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) enzymes help regulate the expression of genes involved in maintaining healthy hematopoietic stem cells (immature blood cells).6 Both enzymes are recurrently mutated or overexpressed in hematologic malignancies, including T-cell lymphomas, and research shows they contribute to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and drive oncogenic growth. 7,8 About EZHARMIA EZHARMIA (valemetostat tosilate) is first-in-class dual inhibitor of EZH1 and EZH2 that was discovered by Daiichi Sankyo. EZHARMIA is approved in Japan for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL and for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory ATLL. It is an investigational medicine in all countries outside of Japan. About EZHARMIA Clinical Development Program A global clinical development program is underway for EZHARMIA in hematologic and solid cancers. In addition to VALENTINE-PTCL01, EZHARMIA is being evaluated in the VALYM phase 2 trial in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphomas, which is being conducted under a strategic research collaboration with the LYSA-LYSARC-CALYM group in Europe, and a phase 1b study in combination with DXd antibody drug conjugates ENHERTU® (trastuzumab deruxtecan) and datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) in patients with solid cancers. About Daiichi Sankyo Daiichi Sankyo is an innovative global healthcare company contributing to the sustainable development of society that discovers, develops and delivers new standards of care to enrich the quality of life around the world. With more than 120 years of experience, Daiichi Sankyo leverages its world-class science and technology to create new modalities and innovative medicines for people with cancer, cardiovascular and other diseases with high unmet medical need. For more information, please visit www.daiichisankyo.com . References 1 Bellei et al. haematologica. Vol. 103 No. 7 (2018): July 2018 2 Vose JM et al. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4124-4130 3 Global Cancer Observatory. Cancer Fact Sheet. February 2024 4 Liang X et al. Medicine 2021; 2021 Apr 2;100(13): e25194. 5 Vose JM et al. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4124-4130 6 Honma D et al. Cancer Sci. 2017 Oct; 108(10): 2069–2078 7 Nakagawa M and Kitabayashi I. Cancer Sci. 2018;109:2342–2348 8 Yamagishi et al. Cell Reports. 2019; 29, 2321–2337