Delving into the Latest Updates on Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride with Synapse

Overview

Basic Info

Drug Type

Small molecule drug

Synonyms

Chlorpromazine, Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (JP17/USP), Chlorpronazine Hydrochloride

+ [14]

Target

DRDs

Action

antagonists

Mechanism

DRDs antagonists(Dopamine receptors antagonists)

Therapeutic Areas

Nervous System DiseasesOther Diseases

Active Indication

ManiaVomitingHabit Spasms+ [7]

Inactive Indication

Failed Back Surgery SyndromeIntractable hiccupsPorphyria, Acute Intermittent+ [2]

Originator Organization

GSK Plc

Active Organization

Changzhou Kangpu Pharmaceutical Co Ltd.

Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp.

Inactive Organization

Cycle Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

GSK Plc

License Organization

Neuraxpharm

Sanofi

Drug Highest PhaseApproved

First Approval Date

Japan (31 Mar 1955),

AnesthesiaBipolar DisorderPain+ [1]

Regulation-

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Structure/Sequence

Molecular FormulaC17H20Cl2N2S

InChIKeyFBSMERQALIEGJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

CAS Registry69-09-0

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether chlorpromazine and promethazine（C+P）is safe in Acute Ischemic Stroke（AIS) patients and determine the maximum dosage. It will also evaluate the preliminary efficacy of C+P in AIS. The main questions it aims to answer are:
What is the optimal dosage of C+P that is safe without causing adverse effects in AIS patients? What is the optimal dosage of C+P that potentially works to treat AIS? Researchers will compare C+P with placebo (saline solution without C+P) to see if C+P is safe and effective in treating Acute Ischemic Stroke.
Participants will:
Receive C+P or placebo at the same time as endovascular thrombectomy begins. Patients will be observed for 72 hours to see if there were any adverse effects related to C+P. Infarct volumes will be evaluated using Computed Tomography. Functional outcomes will be assessed at 90 days.

Start Date09 Nov 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

Capital Medical University

ChiCTR2400084824

/ SuspendedNot ApplicableIIT

Efficacy of chlorpromazine as a adjunctive therapy for esketamine on major depression

Start Date20 May 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

The Second Hospital of Shandong University

[+1]

ChiCTR2400087635

/ Not yet recruitingEarly Phase 1IIT

Exploring the biomarkers and biotypes related to objective diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia based on the multi-dimensional-data partition

Start Date04 Dec 2023

Sponsor / Collaborator

Peking University Sixth Hospital

[+1]

100 Clinical Results associated with Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride

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100 Translational Medicine associated with Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride

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100 Patents (Medical) associated with Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride

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21,657

Literatures (Medical) associated with Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride

01 Jan 2026·JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

Effectiveness and safety of adjunctive transcranial direct current stimulation for adolescents with first-episode major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial

Article

Author: Zeng, Rong ; Jackson, Todd ; Deng, Can-Jin ; Xiang, Yu-Tao ; Zhong, Hua-Qing ; Yang, Xin-Hu ; Liu, Qi-Man ; Zheng, Wei ; Mai, Jian-Xin ; Huang, Xing-Bing

BACKGROUND:

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive brain stimulation method, can improve depressive symptoms by applying weak electric direct currents to the scalp. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive tDCS for adolescents with first-episode major depressive disorder (FE-MDD).

METHODS:

This double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial (RCT) was conducted between January 3, 2024, and August 24, 2024. Adolescents (aged 13-17 years) with FE-MDD were included and randomly allocated to active tDCS group or sham tDCS group. Patients completed 10 sessions of active tDCS or sham tDCS, 1 session per day on weekdays for 2 weeks. The main outcome was the change score in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) from baseline to the last session of tDCS. Secondary outcomes included response rate, remission rate, and changes in neurocognitive function, with the latter assessed by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. Clinical response was defined as a ≥ 50 % reduction in the MADRS score from baseline to the 10th tDCS session. Clinical remission was defined as MADRS scores equal to or less than 10 at the 10th tDCS session.

RESULTS:

Twenty patients in the active tDCS group and 20 patients in the sham tDCS group were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. A linear mixed model adjusting for baseline MADRS scores and daily chlorpromazine equivalents revealed no significant interactions between time and tDCS condition in MADRS scores (F_3,114 = 0.65; p = 0.59). Rates of response (14 of 20 patients [70 %; 95 % CI, 50 %-90 %] versus 9 of 20 patients [45 %; 95 % CI, 25 %-65 %]; χ² = 2.56; p = 0.11) and remission (11 of 20 participants in the active tDCS group [55 %; 95 % CI, 35 %-75 %] versus 10 of 20 participants in the sham tDCS group [50 %, 95 % CI, 30 %-70 %]; χ² = 0.10; p = 0.75) were higher in the active tDCS group than in the sham tDCS group, though these group differences were not statistically significant. However, statistically significant group by time interactions were observed in cognitive domains of working memory (F_1,38 = 4.14; p = 0.049) as well as verbal learning and memory (F_1,38 = 8.22; p = 0.01). No serious adverse effects were observed in either group. The active tDCS group (versus the sham tDCS group) had a significantly higher incidence of post-tDCS headaches (85 % [95 % CI, 65 %-100 %] versus 50 % [95 % CI, 30 %-70 %]; χ² = 5.58; p = 0.02), but the incidence of other side effects (e.g., dizziness, diarrhea) did not differ significantly between the two study groups.

CONCLUSIONS:

Findings of this RCT suggest that active tDCS is safe for adolescents with FE-MDD. Although no statistically significant difference between groups over time was observed in the primary efficacy outcome, patients in the active tDCS group did have a greater proportion of remission and response. Furthermore, active tDCS was associated with comparatively stronger improvements in working memory as well as verbal learning and memory when compared to sham tDCS.

01 Dec 2025·Nano-Micro Letters

Multifunctional and Scalable Nanoparticles for Bimodal Image-Guided Phototherapy in Bladder Cancer Treatment

Article

Author: Cong, Zhaoqing ; Li, Yuanpei ; Huang, Yanyu ; Villa, Rodolfo ; Zong, Qiufang ; Kim, Jinhwan ; Tang, Menghuan ; Lee, Yunyoung ; Mahri, Sohaib ; Mukarrama, Tasneem ; Lin, Tzu-Yin ; Racacho, Kelsey Jane ; Li, Yangxiong ; Shiau, Ya-Ping

Abstract:

Rational design of multifunctional nanoplatforms capable of combining therapeutic effects with real-time monitoring of drug distribution and tumor status is emerging as a promising approach in cancer nanomedicine. Here, we introduce pyropheophorbide a–bisaminoquinoline conjugate lipid nanoparticles (PPBC LNPs) as a bimodal system for image-guided phototherapy in bladder cancer treatment. PPBC LNPs not only demonstrate both powerful photodynamic and photothermal effects upon light activation, but also exhibit potent autophagy blockage, effectively inducing bladder cancer cell death. Furthermore, PPBC LNPs possess remarkable photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence (FL) imaging capabilities, enabling imaging with high-resolution, deep tissue penetration and high sensitivity for tracking drug biodistribution and phototherapy efficacy. Specifically, PA imaging confirms the efficient accumulation of PPBC LNPs within tumor and predicts therapeutic outcomes of photodynamic therapy, while FL imaging confirms their prolonged retention at the tumor site for up to 6 days. PPBC LNPs significantly suppress bladder tumor growth, with several tumors completely ablated following just two doses of the nanoparticles and laser treatment. Additionally, PPBC LNPs were formulated with lipid-based excipients and assembled using microfluidic technology to enhance biocompatibility, stability, and scalability, showing potential for clinical translation. This versatile nanoparticle represents a promising candidate for further development in bladder cancer therapy.

01 Dec 2025·BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Lysosomal TPC2 channel as a new target of chlorpromazine and clomipramine to induce protective autophagy in L-BMAA-induced neurodegeneration

Article

Author: Pannaccione, Anna ; Ruggiero, Giuseppina ; Preziuso, Alessandra ; Esposito, Emilia ; Spadoni, Tatiana ; Tedeschi, Valentina ; Rubino, Valentina ; Ciancio, Raffaella ; Piccirillo, Silvia ; Magliocca, Giorgia ; Secondo, Agnese ; Muraglia, Noemi Di

Several neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are characterized by toxic aggregates accumulation due to autophagy blockade, prompting researchers to identify new autophagy-activating drugs. Here we tested, in an in vitro ALS/PDC model, the neuroprotective effects of the antipsychotic Chlorpromazine (CPZ) and the antidepressant Clomipramine (CMI), chosen by drug repurposing approach for their ability to stimulate TPC2 lysosomal channel. Patch-clamp electrophysiology on enlarged lysosomes in NSC-34 motor neurons showed that CPZ and CMI induced large inwardly-rectifying currents, that were inhibited by TPC2 synthetic blocker trans-Ned-19. The same currents were evoked by TPC2 endogenous agonist NAADP and its mimetic agent TPC2-A1-N, and inhibited by trans-Ned-19 and siRNAs against TPC2 (siTPC2). CPZ and CMI elicited a significant [Ca²⁺]_i increase that rapidly induced nuclear translocation of TFEB (transcription factor EB), the master regulator of autophagy. Accordingly, TPC2 stimulation by both the drugs boosted autophagy, as revealed by the activation of autophagy initiators ULK and AMPK α and modification of LC3-II/p62(SQSTM1) ratio. Furthermore, by normalizing autophagy markers, CPZ and CMI counteracted the detrimental effects induced by L-BMAA, a neurotoxin mimicking ALS/PDC. Notably, siTPC2 partially reverted CMI- and CPZ-induced neuroprotection as well as that produced by NAADP. At mitochondrial level, these drugs prevented ATP reduction and ROS overproduction in motor neurons exposed to L-BMAA for 24 h. For a longer L-BMAA exposure, CPZ and CMI counteracted LDH, cytochrome C and SMAC/DIABLO release, thus preventing cell demise. These findings suggest that TPC2 activation by drug repurposing could provide novel therapeutic options for ALS via autophagy regulation.

15

News (Medical) associated with Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride

17 Sep 2025

·pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com

Zydus recalls antipsychotic and anesthesia drugs in US

New Delhi: Zydus Lifesciences US-arm Zydus Pharmaceuticals is undertaking a voluntary recall of antipsychotic drug ' Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride ' and anesthesia drug ' Succinylcholine Chloride ' in the country. According to the US FDA latest enforcement report, the Ahmedabad-based drugmaker is recalling ‘2,70,125’ vials of Succinylcholine Chloride Injection manufactured at the company’s Vadodara, Gujarat-based facility in India. Additionally, the drugmaker has also ordered 10 separate recalls for an undisclosed quantity of Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride Tablets, manufactured at the company’s Baddi, Himachal Pradesh-based facility in India. The total 10 voluntary actions includes Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride—10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg tablets and five of these recalls are of batches manufactured for Northstar Rx LLC. For Succinylcholine Chloride the recall was initiated on August 27 on account of an “Out-of-Specification test results obtained for any individual unknown degradation impurity.” Meanwhile, in the case of Chlorpromazine the company reported “presence of N-Nitroso Desmethyl Chlorpromazine above the recommended acceptable intake limit.” Notably, all eleven recalls—10 Chlorpromazine and one for Succinylcholine —are classed as Class II, meaning that the products may cause temporary or medically reversible adverse health consequences and the probability of serious adverse health consequences is remote. Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride blocks dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps reduce the effects of dopamine and is indicated for the treatment of certain mental disorders such as schizophrenia, psychotic disorders and is also used to relieve anxiety before surgery. Succinylcholine Chloride is a popular neuromuscular blocker , used as a part of general anesthesia procedure in the US. By Online Bureau ,

Clinical Study

17 Sep 2025

·pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com

Zydus recalls antipsychotic and anesthesia drugs in US

New Delhi: Zydus Lifesciences US-arm Zydus Pharmaceuticals is undertaking a voluntary recall of antipsychotic drug ' Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride ' and anesthesia drug ' Succinylcholine Chloride ' in the country. According to the US FDA latest enforcement report, the Ahmedabad-based drugmaker is recalling ‘2,70,125’ vials of Succinylcholine Chloride Injection manufactured at the company’s Vadodara, Gujarat-based facility in India. Additionally, the drugmaker has also ordered 10 separate recalls for an undisclosed quantity of Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride Tablets, manufactured at the company’s Baddi, Himachal Pradesh-based facility in India. The total 10 voluntary actions includes Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride—10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg tablets and five of these recalls are of batches manufactured for Northstar Rx LLC. For Succinylcholine Chloride the recall was initiated on August 27 on account of an “Out-of-Specification test results obtained for any individual unknown degradation impurity.” Meanwhile, in the case of Chlorpromazine the company reported “presence of N-Nitroso Desmethyl Chlorpromazine above the recommended acceptable intake limit.” Notably, all eleven recalls—10 Chlorpromazine and one for Succinylcholine —are classed as Class II, meaning that the products may cause temporary or medically reversible adverse health consequences and the probability of serious adverse health consequences is remote. Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride blocks dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps reduce the effects of dopamine and is indicated for the treatment of certain mental disorders such as schizophrenia, psychotic disorders and is also used to relieve anxiety before surgery. Succinylcholine Chloride is a popular neuromuscular blocker , used as a part of general anesthesia procedure in the US. By Online Bureau ,

Clinical Study

16 Apr 2025

·www.echemi.com

Glenmark Sun Pharma Zydus Recall Over 40 Products in US Amid Safety Concerns

Indian pharmaceutical giants Glenmark, Sun Pharma, and Zydus are recalling over 40 products in the US due to manufacturing issues, as per the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). Mumbai-based Glenmark initiated a Class II recall on March 13, 2025, for over 25 products, including Propafenone Hydrochloride capsules, Solifenacin Succinate tablets, and others, citing Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) deviations. Sun Pharma’s US subsidiary recalled 13,700 bottles of Gabapentin capsules, a seizure medication, on March 4, 2025, due to cross-contamination concerns. The company classified this as a Class III recall. Additionally, Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) pulled back 3,144 bottles of Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride tablets on April 3, 2025, after detecting N-Nitroso-Desmethyl Chlorpromazine impurities exceeding limits. This was categorized as a Class II recall. USFDA explained that Class II recalls address products with temporary or reversible health risks, while Class III recalls involve minimal health consequences. These recalls highlight ongoing challenges with quality control in the global pharmaceutical supply chain.

100 Deals associated with Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride

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External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00789	Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride	N05AA01	DB00477

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Mania	China	Changzhou Kangpu Pharmaceutical Co Ltd.	01 Jan 1982
Vomiting	China	Changzhou Kangpu Pharmaceutical Co Ltd.	01 Jan 1982
Behavioural disorders	United States	GSK Plc	18 Sep 1957
Habit Spasms	Japan	Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp.	18 May 1955
Hiccough	Japan	Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp.	18 May 1955
Nausea and vomiting	Japan	Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp.	18 May 1955
Neurotic Disorders	Japan	Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp.	18 May 1955
Anesthesia	Japan	Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp.	31 Mar 1955
Bipolar Disorder	Japan	Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp.	31 Mar 1955
Pain	Japan	Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp.	31 Mar 1955
Schizophrenia	Japan	Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp.	31 Mar 1955

Developing

10 top R&D records.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome	Phase 1	South Africa	Cycle Pharmaceuticals Ltd.	01 Nov 2016
Intractable hiccups	Phase 1	South Africa	Cycle Pharmaceuticals Ltd.	01 Nov 2016
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent	Phase 1	South Africa	Cycle Pharmaceuticals Ltd.	01 Nov 2016
Signs and Symptoms, Digestive	Phase 1	South Africa	Cycle Pharmaceuticals Ltd.	01 Nov 2016
Tetanus	Phase 1	South Africa	Cycle Pharmaceuticals Ltd.	01 Nov 2016

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Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

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Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT04224441 (RACTAC, Pubmed \| Front Oncol) Manual	Phase 2	Glioblastoma Adjuvant MGMT	41	Chlorpromazine + Temozolomide	purpwmhesn(bpqkvgvrtn) = mesrggzusl gpzwljedxx (kqlchkslpj, 7.0 - 9.0) Met View more	Positive	14 Dec 2023
RACTAC TRIAL (SNO2023)	Phase 2	Glioblastoma Adjuvant unmethylated MGMT	45	Chlorpromazine	teruttqdlm(evblsqjdlk) = sbaaofhrho qjtxvxavaf (mojbcocrdb, 6.9) View more	Positive	10 Nov 2023
RACTAC (EANO2023)	Phase 2	Glioblastoma Adjuvant unmethylated MGMT	53	Chlorpromazine	ewrmquioei(nuqxpisvep) = scvltrnnrb puxwoowjbg (pudhcignee, 6.9) View more	Positive	08 Sep 2023
NCT03021486 (CTgov)	Phase 2/3	Neoplasm Metastasis \| Locally Advanced Malignant Neoplasm \| Delirium ... View more	70	haloperidol (Escalation Group)	ffdcnctvgl(gttjqmqjfl) = tlytzborzw yswjfajsdb (cnzaguabfl, bqfpdduyzq - ynolcentpk) View more	-	01 Sep 2022
				chlorpromazine (Rotation Group)	ffdcnctvgl(gttjqmqjfl) = voiksodnjy yswjfajsdb (cnzaguabfl, hfqiceddxv - tzqjiqtzaa) View more
NCT02810782 (Pubmed \| Eur J Pediatr)	Phase 3	Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome	143	Morphine	qzchulfxkx(civnfbpofl) = ooobyxqmjf kwhhxskffl (nshtnuakru, 18 - 33)	-	01 Jan 2020
				Phenobarbital	qzchulfxkx(civnfbpofl) = icgaxezydw kwhhxskffl (nshtnuakru, 27 - 38)
P11.51 (EANO2019)	Phase 2	Glioblastoma Multiforme Adjuvant	-	Chlorpromazine	akmnjwymjc(lbijyaaviy) = tlqrtdsyip bpdmfunozw (uwoqzcwvql )	Positive	06 Sep 2019
NCT02943213 (CTgov)	Phase 1	Bipolar Disorder \| Nausea and vomiting \| Intractable hiccups ... View more	20	Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride (Treatment Period 1)	mjcppxgaat(ganhonbaqi) = apwupywara ncctybwiwo (rdhksrcwpb, 94.5) View more	-	13 Oct 2017
				Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride (Treatment Period 2)	mjcppxgaat(ganhonbaqi) = veibmoawxs ncctybwiwo (rdhksrcwpb, 69.6) View more
NCT00654576 (Pubmed \| Psychopharmacology (Berl))	Phase 4	Schizophrenia Maintenance	-	Chlorpromazine	xlqsecideq(zuikenqgyj) = Anticholinergic side effects were most common with clozapine and chlorpromazine ipkmufjcfo (oaxncguedg ) View more	-	01 Aug 2011
				Sulpiride