Eplerenone

On September 1, 2024, at the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Congress, Bayer published the pooled analysis of the Phase III FINE-HEART study on finerenone, along with the latest data from the FINEARTS-HF trial. The results showed that finerenone significantly reduces all-cause mortality, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes. The findings were simultaneously published in 《Nature Medicine》. About the FINE-HEART StudyFINE-HEART is a pooled patient-level analysis, incorporating the FINEARTS-HF, FIDELIO, and FIGARO studies. This analysis aims to explore the impact of finerenone (brand name: Kerendia/Firialta) on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in approximately 19,000 patients with heart failure (HF) and/or chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), including those with a high burden of comorbidities—a characteristic of HF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥40%. The FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD trials randomized approximately 13,000 CKD and T2D patients with albuminuria (UACR≥30mg/g) from 48 countries. FINEARTS-HF included around 6,000 patients from 37 countries with symptomatic HF, LVEF ≥40%, elevated natriuretic peptides, and structural heart disease evidence. The results indicated: Primary Endpoint: ··Finerenone vs. Placebo: Cardiovascular (CV) mortality was numerically lower but not statistically significant (11% relative risk reduction, HR 0.89 [95% CI, 0.78-1.01; p=0.076]). ·Pre-specified Sensitivity Analysis: Involving CV death and unspecified death, finerenone reduced relative risk by 12% (HR 0.88 [95% CI, 0.79-0.98; p=0.025]). ·The effect of finerenone on cardiovascular (CV) death was generally consistent across the six subgroups. ·Compared to placebo, finerenone significantly reduced all-cause mortality as well as cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Secondary Endpoints: ·All-Cause Mortality Reduction: 9% (HR 0.91 [95% CI, 0.84-0.99; p=0.027]). ·Composite Renal Endpoint Reduction: Including time to first occurrence of renal failure, sustained eGFR decline ≥50% (≥4 weeks), or renal death, reduced by 20% (HR 0.80 [95% CI, 0.72-0.90; p<0.001]).HF Hospitalization Reduction: 17% (HR 0.83 [95% CI, 0.75-0.92; p<0.001]). About FinerenoneFinerenone (BAY948862) is an investigational non-steroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) that can block the overactivation of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). Overactivation of MR can lead to fibrosis and inflammation, contributing to permanent structural damage in the kidneys. In July 2021, the FDA approved finerenone to reduce the risk of renal failure, slow down the decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), reduce cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and hospitalization due to heart failure in patients with T2D and CKD. FINEARTS-HF Study:A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center, event-driven Phase III clinical trial for patients diagnosed with symptomatic heart failure (NYHA class II-IV) and LVEF ≥40% measured within the past 12 months, who also received at least 30 days of diuretics before randomization. According to the latest data disclosed at the 2024 ESC, finerenone significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular death and total HF events (defined as HF hospitalization or urgent HF visits), by 16% (RR 0.84 [95% CI, 0.74-0.95; p=0.0072]). Approximately half of the HF patients had mildly reduced or preserved LVEF. Finerenone is the first MRA to demonstrate clear cardiovascular benefits in this category of heart failure patients in a Phase III study. Based on these positive results, Bayer plans to discuss regulatory applications with the FDA to expand finerenone's indications. FIGARO-DKD:In August 2021, Bayer announced that finerenone achieved its primary endpoint in the Phase 3 clinical trial FIGARO-DKD, conducted among patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Unlike previous Phase 3 trials, FIGARO-DKD primarily included patients with milder CKD classified as stages 1-2. In this study, finerenone reduced the risk of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death or non-fatal cardiovascular events by 13% in type 2 diabetes patients with CKD who were already receiving the maximum tolerated dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). FIDELIO-DKD:The FIDELIO-DKD study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter, event-driven Phase 3 clinical trial. It enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD (including 372 Chinese patients) who were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either finerenone or placebo once daily. According to the data prominently released at the American Society of Nephrology's Kidney Week in 2020, finerenone significantly reduced the risk of the composite renal endpoint by 18% compared to placebo (HR=0.82, 95% CI 0.73-0.93, P=0.001), and significantly reduced the risk of the composite cardiovascular endpoint by 14% (HR=0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.99, P=0.03). Four months of treatment with finerenone led to a 31% reduction in the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio from baseline, which remained consistently low, significantly reducing the secondary renal endpoint (HR=0.76; 95% CI 0.65-0.90). Additionally, multiple studies are underway to investigate the broader use of finerenone in heart failure and chronic kidney disease patients, including the MOONRAKER project and the FIND-CKD study. The MOONRAKER project encompasses four studies—FINEARTS-HF, REDEFINE-HF, CONFIRMATION-HF, and FINALITY-HF—involving over 15,000 patients. It is one of the largest heart failure research projects to date, aiming to evaluate the efficacy and safety of finerenone in a wide range of heart failure patients, including those with HFrEF, HFmrEF, HFpEF, and heart failure patients regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction. The FIND-CKD study is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 clinical trial. It will include non-diabetic CKD patients from 270 centers across 19 countries, including China. The study aims to explore the efficacy and safety of finerenone as an add-on therapy to guideline-recommended treatments for non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. About Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists:Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, with aldosterone being the most common. Aldosterone secretion is regulated by various factors, mainly including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), as well as other influences such as adrenocorticotropic hormone, sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) levels. When the concentration of Na+ in the tubular fluid decreases, blood pressure drops, or renal blood flow decreases, these factors stimulate the release of renin into the bloodstream, activating angiotensin II, which, in turn, stimulates the synthesis and secretion of aldosterone. Aldosterone enhances Na+-K+ exchange and increases membrane permeability to Na+, promoting the reabsorption of Na+ in the renal tubules, accompanied by increased water reabsorption, thereby maintaining water and electrolyte balance. However, excessive aldosterone release can cause metabolic disturbances, including hypokalemia and sodium/water retention. It also promotes the generation of inflammatory factors, leading to inflammation and fibrosis in target organs. Additionally, excessive aldosterone can over-activate the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and mediate pathological damage to target organs. Aldosterone binds to mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) to exert its effects. MR is widely distributed in multiple tissues, playing a significant role in local substance metabolism and the regulation of pathological injuries, with the most notable expression in the kidneys and cardiovascular system. Overactivation of MR promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggers the activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), leading to inflammatory responses. Furthermore, MR overactivation participates in the expression of pro-fibrotic molecules, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which collectively promote tissue fibrosis. In addition to triggering inflammation and fibrosis, MR overactivation can activate the immune system, leading to leukocyte infiltration among other responses. In the kidneys, overactivation of MR exacerbates oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, inducing podocyte injury and constricting glomerular vessels, which leads to a gradual decline in renal function, ultimately progressing to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In the heart, aldosterone-mediated MR overactivation induces similar inflammatory, fibrotic, and oxidative stress responses, eventually leading to adverse outcomes such as heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction. Therefore,Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), as diuretics, help regulate water and electrolyte balance and are used to treat conditions such as primary aldosteronism, hypertension, heart failure (HF), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Currently, the most commonly used MRA in clinical practice is spironolactone, which belongs to the steroid class. Due to its low selectivity for MR, its concentration in the kidneys is six times higher than in the heart, resulting in a high incidence of hyperkalemia when administered. Eplerenone, a second-generation MRA, also has a steroid structure but exhibits higher selectivity for MR, stronger anti-aldosterone activity than spironolactone, and fewer side effects. The third generation MRA, represented by non-steroidal finerenone, shows high selectivity for MR and balanced distribution in both the heart and kidneys, making it less likely to cause hyperkalemia. Regarding Diabetic NephropathyDiabetic nephropathy is one of the most significant complications of diabetes and a principal cause of chronic kidney disease and ESRD. Approximately one-third of diabetic patients develop diabetic nephropathy, and if coupled with substantial proteinuria, it progresses to ESRD within roughly five years. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) data from 2021, around 537 million adults (age 20-79) worldwide had diabetes, constituting one-tenth of the adult population, and this number is projected to increase to 783 million by 2045, accounting for 12.2%. According to a report by Kenneth Research, the global market size for diabetic nephropathy treatment drugs was $2.7 billion in 2018. By 2024, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is expected to be maintained at 5.9%, reaching a market value of $3.8 billion. How to obtain the latest research advancements in the field of biopharmaceuticals? In the Synapse database, you can keep abreast of the latest research and development advances in drugs, targets, indications, organizations, etc., anywhere and anytime, on a daily or weekly basis. 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Bayer’s global pharmaceuticals headquarters in Germany iStock/ Umut Tolga Pehlivan With the late-stage win, Bayer announced Monday that it plans to talk to regulators about seeking approval in an indication that is central to its $3 billion-plus peak sales forecast. Bayer said Monday its Phase III cardiovascular outcomes trial hit the primary endpoint, positioning the company to discuss with regulators filing for approval of finerenone in heart failure. The FDA approved finerenone in adults with chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes in 2021. Bayer, which sells the drug as Kerendia in the kidney indication, also identified the potential for the non-steroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist to improve outcomes in people with heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Bayer put that idea to the test in the FINEARTS-HF study. Investigators randomized around 6,000 people with symptomatic heart failure to take finerenone or placebo once a day for up to 42 months. Monday, Bayer said finerenone significantly reduced the composite of cardiovascular death and total heart failure events compared to placebo. The significant reduction caused the trial to hit its primary endpoint. Bayer is yet to share data from the study but is sufficiently encouraged by the results to outline plans to talk to regulatory agencies about filing for approval. Finerenone was well tolerated in the study, according to Bayer. While the company did not share data on safety and tolerability, the positive topline finding is encouraging for a molecule with a mechanism of action that has proven problematic in the past. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone are used to treat heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. In that population, the drugs have improved outcomes in clinical trials. However, spironolactone was less impressive in a trial in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, failing to reduce cardiovascular mortality while raising the risk of elevated potassium levels. Bayer’s trial program, which has enrolled more than 15,000 patients, and real-world finerenone use in kidney disease patients suggest the risk of elevated potassium levels may be lower for its molecule. The combination of improved cardiovascular outcomes and acceptable tolerability underpins Bayer’s hopes of turning finerenone into a blockbuster. The company is targeting peak sales of more than 3 billion euros ($3.3 billion). Bayer has retained the sales target even as Kerendia has made a slow start in kidney disease. Talking on an earnings call in May, Stefan Oelrich, head of Bayer’s pharmaceuticals unit, said “I think we’ve all been a little underwhelmed with the development of the renal market.” Oelrich said the market is “definitely not progressing at a speed that we had wished for” but predicted heart failure “will ultimately ... allow us to get to peak sales.” Finerenone is one of a clutch of key growth products at Bayer. The drugmaker shared positive Phase III data on another key product, prostate cancer drug Nubeqa, in July.