Doxorubicin Hydrochloride liposomal

Postbiotics are preparations containing inanimate microorganisms or their components that have a direct or indirect beneficial effect on the host and can include many different components, such as short-chain fatty acids, bacterial lysates, cell-free culture supernatants, cell wall fragments, enzymes, and exopolysaccharides. Despite the numerous advantages of postbiotics for the body, their use is limited due to unfavorable pharmacokinetics, low bioavailability, non-selective pharmacological action, poor palatability, and unpleasant odor. The development of nanotechnology-based delivery systems could be an important industrial tool to enhance the selective action of these agents and improve their therapeutic efficacy, particularly in the pharmaceutical and food sectors. In the pharmaceutical industry, several nanotechnology-based delivery systems have already been approved by the FDA and successfully marketed, demonstrating their clinical and industrial viability, such as Abraxane®, Doxil® (or Caelyx®), Onivyde®, Marqibo®, and Vyxeos®. In the food industry, products such as Driphorm® (nanostructured lipid emulsion for the efficient delivery of vitamin D in food) illustrate how nanotechnology has been applied in concrete ways to the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals, contributing to technological innovation, added value, and advances in health promotion. However, although nanotechnology in the delivery of postbiotics is an emerging and innovative field with promising preclinical studies, the lack of consolidated clinical or commercial data means that this topic needs to be expanded in order to achieve standardization and clinical validation. This review aims to highlight the importance of postbiotics in the modulation of gut microbiota and in the prevention/treatment of disease, as well as the potential of using nanotechnology to facilitate the targeting of these compounds and the limitations of using these systems for such applications.

Characterizing the complex drug release profiles of nanoparticle-based pharmaceuticals is essential to ensure their efficacy and safety. In this study, we investigated the drug release of a representative liposomal drug, Doxil, to explore the applicability of the dynamic dialysis method (DDM), which offers the advantage of simple implementation. The DDM demonstrated considerable doxorubicin release from Doxil in response to increased ammonia concentration, supporting the hypothesis of ammonia-driven drug release from Doxil in tumor environments. To analyze the drug release of liposomal doxorubicin, we developed a mathematical model that (i) does not require strict sink conditions and (ii) avoids introducing numerous kinetic parameters. This model consolidates the complexities of drug partitioning into the liposomal membrane into a single apparent permeability constant. The release profiles of Doxil at 25°C and a physiological temperature of 40°C were successfully reproduced by the kinetic model, yielding reasonable permeability coefficients of 1.4 × 10^-10 and 2.1 × 10^-10 cm/s, respectively. Our model described the release behavior of the generic product Lipodox, yielding a permeability coefficient of 2.1 × 10^-10 cm/s at 40°C, thereby confirming the utility of the DDM across products. Our results demonstrate that, with optimized conditions, the DDM can assess the drug release kinetics of liposomal doxorubicin. Furthermore, we believe that our study provides a valuable framework for evaluating and optimizing drug release phenomena in liposomal formulations.