Delving into the Latest Updates on Ketamine Hydrochloride with Synapse

Overview

Basic Info

SummaryKetamine is a small molecule drug that acts as a modulator at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. It is marketed under the trade name KETALAR and is primarily used as an anesthetic drug. Ketamine was first approved for medical use in the United States in 1970 by Endo International. This drug is available as a slightly acidic, sterile solution for intravenous or intramuscular injection. Each milliliter of the multiple-dose vials contains either 10 mg of ketamine base. Ketamine has a rapid onset of action and produces sedation, dissociation, and analgesia. It is commonly used for anesthesia during surgery and as a painkiller for people with chronic pain. Ketamine may have some potential as an antidepressant, but more research is needed to determine its efficacy and safety for this indication. The use of ketamine as an anesthetic or painkiller may cause some side effects, including hallucinations, nausea, and vomiting.

Drug Type

Small molecule drug

Synonyms

(+-)-Ketamine, (±)-ketamine, 2-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-2-methylamino-cyclohexanone

+ [38]

Target

NMDA receptor

Action

modulators

Mechanism

NMDA receptor modulators(Glutamate [NMDA] receptor modulators)

Therapeutic Areas

Nervous System DiseasesOther DiseasesCongenital Disorders+ [5]

Active Indication

PainAnesthesiaSuicidal Ideation+ [18]

Inactive Indication

Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisAutism Spectrum DisorderBunion+ [5]

Originator Organization

Endo International Plc

Active Organization

Seelos Therapeutics, Inc.

Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

iX Biopharma Ltd.

+ [17]

Inactive Organization

Novartis Pharma AG

Douglas Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Roivant Sciences, Inc.

+ [2]

License Organization

Seelos Therapeutics, Inc.

Nephron Pharmaceuticals Corp.

Kymanox Corp.

+ [10]

Drug Highest PhaseApproved

First Approval Date

United States (19 Feb 1970),

Anesthesia

RegulationFast Track (United States), Orphan Drug (United States), Commissioner's National Priority Voucher (United States), Innovative Licensing and Access Pathway (United Kingdom)

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Structure/Sequence

Molecular FormulaC13H17Cl2NO

InChIKeyVCMGMSHEPQENPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

CAS Registry1867-66-9

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if nebulized ketamine helps treat moderate to severe asthma attacks in adults in the emergency department. It will also learn about the safety of ketamine when inhaled through a nebulizer.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
* Does nebulized ketamine improve breathing more than standard treatment alone?
* What side effects, if any, do participants experience after receiving nebulized ketamine?
Researchers will compare nebulized ketamine to a placebo (a saltwater mist with no medication) to see how well it works and how safe it is.
Participants will:
* Receive either nebulized ketamine or a placebo mist, along with standard asthma treatment
* Have their breathing checked before and after treatment using a peak flow meter
* Be monitored for 60 minutes and have their symptoms, vital signs, and any side effects recorded

Start Date01 Sep 2026

Sponsor / Collaborator-

100 Clinical Results associated with Ketamine Hydrochloride

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100 Translational Medicine associated with Ketamine Hydrochloride

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100 Patents (Medical) associated with Ketamine Hydrochloride

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31,688

Literatures (Medical) associated with Ketamine Hydrochloride

01 Feb 2026·Biomaterials advances

Multimodal topical gel combining 2-hydroxyflavanone, gabapentin, and ketamine alleviates diabetic vulvodynia and allodynia with concurrent tissue regeneration in streptozocin-induced rat models

Article

Author: Bashir, Nasreena ; Ayyaz, Fatima ; Ali, Gowhar ; Islam, Nazar-Ul- ; Ayaz, Muhammad ; Khan, Pordil ; Mir, Mushtaq Ahmad ; Qayyum, Jibran

Neuropathic pain arises from damage or illness affecting either central or peripheral or both somatosensory systems. Vulvodynia, a chronic neuropathic pain disorder in women, remains largely neglected despite its significant impact. This study was aimed to evaluate safety and efficacy of a multimodal analgesic gel (MMG-10 %) in relieving diabetic neuropathic pain; specifically vulvodynia and allodynia in female rats. We have formulated a highly promising flavonoid, 2'-Hydroxyflavanone (2-HF) with gabapentin and ketamine. Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Mellitus (DM) was used as a painful neuropathic model. Static and dynamic vulvodynia and allodynia were assessed using parameters including Flinching Response Threshold (FRT), Paw Withdrawal Threshold (PWT), Flinching Response Latency (FRL) and Paw withdrawal Latency (PWL) by applying the stimuli of Von Frey Filaments to the vulvar region and hind mid-planter regions of paws. A uniform quantity for five consecutive days post 29 days of MMG-10 % and control gel (1.0 mg/cm²) was applied three times daily (TDS) on vulvar area for vulvodynia and mid-plantar paws for allodynia studies. Safety with respect to sensorimotor functions was assessed via Rota rod and Balance beam tests. We conducted the vulvar histological tissue study to evaluate diabetes-induced structural damage and assess the therapeutic potential of a multimodal gel in tissue regeneration. Treatment with tested MMG 10 % resulted in a significant increase in FRT, PWT, FRL and PWL respectively (***p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, p > 0.05) compared to the STZ treated group. Falling latency time was not affected in all treated groups exhibiting sensorimotor safety. The multimodal gel demonstrated significant regenerative efficacy by reducing atrophy, desquamation, and hyperkeratosis, effectively restoring vulvar tissue integrity in diabetic animals. Our MMG-10 %) could be potentially an effective therapeutic remedy for the relief against diabetes-induced vulvodynia and allodynia.

01 Feb 2026·JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

Effects of glutamatergic modulators on striatal activation, functional connectivity and reward in persons with major depressive disorder and healthy controls: A systematic review of fMRI studies

Review

Author: Dri, Christine E ; Lo, Heidi Ka Ying ; Ho, Roger ; Guillen-Burgos, Hernan F ; Cao, Bing ; McIntyre, Roger S ; Badulescu, Sebastian ; Ly-Uson, Josefina ; Lee, Serene ; Rhee, Taeho Greg ; Teopiz, Kayla M ; Le, Gia Han ; Wong, Sabrina

INTRODUCTION:

Convergent evidence suggests that disrupted reward processing may be associated with observed alterations in frontostriatal activity in persons with major depressive disorder (MDD). Replicated evidence suggests that glutamatergic modulators may benefit persons experiencing disrupted reward function compared to healthy controls (HC). Herein, we systematically reviewed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that examined the effects of glutamatergic modulators on frontostriatal activity and/or reward function in persons with MDD or healthy controls (HC).

METHODS:

A systematic literature search of online databases (PubMed, OVID, Scopus, Web of Science) and manual search of reference lists and Google Scholar was conducted from inception to July 22, 2025. Studies were included if they employed fMRI to assess changes in frontostriatal activation or connectivity following administration of glutamatergic agents with known or proposed antidepressant effects in persons with MDD or HC.

RESULTS:

We identified 11 fMRI studies that investigated the effects of ketamine (n = 9), nitrous oxide (n = 1) or memantine (n = 1) on frontostriatal activity in persons with MDD or HCs. Preliminary evidence suggests that intravenous ketamine may affect functional connectivity in striatal regions that may be relevant to improved reward function in persons with TRD.

CONCLUSION:

Future studies should evaluate the impact of glutamatergic modulators on brain structures subserving reward and the temporality of the effect, as select glutamatergic modulators have a rapid onset of action. Future studies should also compare the effects of glutamatergic modulators on frontostriatal connectivity between persons with TRD and HCs, and aim to identify baseline characteristics that may mediate/moderate antidepressant response.

01 Feb 2026·JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

Oral ketamine for the treatment of major depressive and bipolar disorder, a randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis

Article

Author: Silberbauer, Leo R ; Vanicek, Thomas ; Eggerstorfer, Benjamin ; Gryglewski, Gregor ; Michenthaler, Paul ; Reichel, Sabine ; Naderi-Heiden, Angela ; Stimpfl, Thomas ; Lanzenberger, Rupert ; Kasper, Siegfried

Ketamine represents a significant advancement in antidepressant therapy, but the commonly used intravenous and intranasal application routes currently limit its availability beyond specialized centers. By contrast, oral ketamine treatment might constitute an alternative that is widely available, easy to administer, and has potential advantages with regard to tolerability. Forty-five patients diagnosed with a moderate to severe depressive episode received either 1 mg/kg peroral ketamine or 0.03 mg/kg midazolam solution as an active comparator, administered six times over two weeks in a double-blind trial. While statistical significance for the primary endpoint of MADRS score reduction after one week was not achieved, response rates favored ketamine with a number needed to treat (NNT) of 4.6 (95 %-CI: [2.4, 62.6]) at this timepoint. Treatment was well-tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported, potentially due to the lower exposure to ketamine compared to its metabolite norketamine measured in plasma. In a total of 592 patients, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on oral ketamine treatment demonstrated its antidepressant efficacy with a NNT = 4.89 (95 %-CI: [3.41, 8.66]) for response and a NNT = 9.16 (95 %-CI: [5.49, 27.59]) for remission. Despite that the current trial did not meet its primary endpoint, the cumulative evidence up-to-date suggests that oral ketamine treatment leads to relevant improvements in the outcomes of patients with depression. In light of the ease of administration and high tolerability with oral application, this evidence may contribute to removing some of the obstacles that currently restrict the availability of antidepressant treatment with ketamine to specialized centers.

769

News (Medical) associated with Ketamine Hydrochloride

18 Dec 2025

·www.globenewswire.com

NRx Pharmaceuticals (Nasdaq:NRXP) announces elimination of all balance sheet debt following equity conversion

Remaining $5.4 million debt was repaid through strategic equity conversion in common stock with no additional warrants or adjustment provisionsCompany anticipates that Dec 31 balance sheet will reflect no outstanding convertible debtDebt-free balance sheet sets the stage for accelerated growth in 2026 with potential drug approvals and clinic expansions WILMINGTON, Del., Dec. 18, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: NRXP), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, today announced that it has repaid the remaining $5.4 million balance sheet debt to Anson Funds, LLC, through equity conversion of common stock. There were no warrants or other repricing mechanisms associated with this transaction. Anson originally lent $16.2 million USD to the Company to fund repayment of prior loans and corporate operating expenses. With this repayment, the Company anticipates ending the 2025 calendar year with a balance sheet free of all debt. NRx believes that this milestone properly positions the company’s capital structure for accelerated growth with anticipated drug approvals and clinic expansions in the coming year. “We thank Anson Funds for supporting our Company during a challenging period for biotechnology equities and for enabling us to advance our pharmaceutical and clinical programs toward potential 2026 approval and expansion in support of patients with suicidal depression and PTSD,” said Dr. Jonathan Javitt, MD, MPH, Chairman and CEO of NRx Pharmaceuticals and its subsidiary HOPE Therapeutics. About NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (www.nrxpharma.com), is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing therapeutics based on its NMDA platform for the treatment of central nervous system disorders, specifically suicidal depression, chronic pain, and PTSD. The Company is developing NRX-100 (preservative-free intravenous ketamine) and NRX-101, (oral D-cycloserine/lurasidone). NRX-100 has been awarded Fast Track Designation for the treatment of Suicidal ideation in Depression, including Bipolar Depression. NRX-101 has been awarded Breakthrough Therapy Designation for the treatment of suicidal bipolar depression. NRx has recently re-filed an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA), and initiated a New Drug Application filing for NRX-100 with an application for the Commissioner’s National Priority Voucher Program for the treatment of suicidal ideation in patients with depression, including bipolar depression. Notice Regarding Forward-Looking StatementsThe information contained herein includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Forward-looking statements generally include statements that are predictive in nature and depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, and include words such as "may," "will," "should," "would," "expect," "plan," "believe," "intend," "look forward," and other similar expressions among others. These statements relate to future events or to the Company's future financial performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the Company's actual results to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The Company has reported regulatory milestones as they have been achieved but has not predicted the outcome of any future regulatory determination. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which are, in some cases, beyond the Company's control and which could, and likely will, materially affect actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Any forward-looking statement reflects the Company's current views with respect to future events and is subject to these and other risks, including uncertainties and assumptions relating to the Company's operations, results of operations, growth strategy, and, among other things, liquidity. More detailed information about the Company and the risk factors that may affect the realization of forward-looking statements is set forth in the Company's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Investors and security holders are urged to read these documents free of charge on the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. Except as may be required by applicable law, the Company assumes no obligation to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. For further information: Matthew DuffyChief Business Officer, NRx(646) 335-5923mduffy@nrxpharma.comBrian KorbManaging Partner, astr partners(917) 653-5122brian.korb@astrpartners.com

Fast TrackBreakthrough Therapy

17 Dec 2025

·www.drugs.com

Ketamine Versus Etomidate to Induce Anesthesia Does Not Cut Death in Critically Ill

WEDNESDAY, Dec. 17, 2025 -- Use of ketamine to induce anesthesia does not result in lower in-hospital death by day 28 compared with etomidate among critically ill adults undergoing tracheal intubation, according to a study published online Dec. 9 in the New England Journal of Medicine . Jonathan D. Casey, M.D., from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee, and colleagues conducted a randomized trial in 14 emergency departments and intensive care units in the United States involving critically ill adults who were undergoing tracheal intubation. Participants were randomly assigned to receive ketamine or etomidate for induction of anesthesia (1,176 and 1,189 participants, respectively). The researchers found that in-hospital death by day 28 occurred in 28.1 and 29.1 percent of patients in the ketamine and etomidate groups, respectively (risk difference adjusted for trial site, −0.8 percentage points; 95 percent confidence interval, −4.5 to 2.9; P = 0.65). Cardiovascular collapse during intubation occurred in 22.1 and 17.0 percent of patients in the ketamine and etomidate groups, respectively (risk difference, 5.1 percentage points; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.9 to 8.3). The two groups had similar prespecified safety outcomes. "We found that etomidate is safe and that ketamine can cause severely low blood pressure during intubation. Going forward, many clinicians will choose to use etomidate rather than ketamine," co-lead author Matthew Semler, M.D., also of the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, said in a statement. "These findings emphasize why more research must focus not just on the development of new drugs and devices, but also on understanding which treatments patients are already receiving produce the best outcomes." Several authors disclosed ties to the biopharmaceutical and medical technology industries. Abstract/Full Text (subscription or payment may be required)

Clinical ResultClinical Study

11 Dec 2025

·www.drugs.com

Guidelines Updated on Use of Parenteral Meds for Migraine in Emergency Department

THURSDAY, Dec. 11, 2025 -- The American Headache Society has updated the guidelines on the use of parenteral pharmacologic therapies for management of migraine attacks in the emergency department; the update was published online Dec. 1 in Headache . Jennifer Robblee, M.D., from Dignity Health in Phoenix, and colleagues conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to update the 2016 American Headache Society guidelines on parenteral pharmacologic therapies for management of migraine attacks. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adults diagnosed with migraine, treated with intravenous (IV), intramuscular, subcutaneous, or nerve block (including sphenopalatine ganglion [SGP] block) interventions in the emergency department. Twenty-six new RCTs evaluating 20 injectable treatments were identified. Of these, 12, nine, and four were rated as class I (low risk for bias), class II, and class III, respectively. The researchers developed recommendations for each intervention. For eligible adults presenting to the emergency department with a migraine attack, without contraindications, the recommendations indicate prochlorperazine IV and greater occipital nerve blocks must be offered, while hydromorphone IV must not be offered. Chlorpromazine IV, dexamethasone IV, and valproate IV may be offered, while acetaminophen IV may not be offered. For patients closely matching the clinical trial population only, eptinezumab should be offered, but is rated level U (no recommendation for an emergency department-specific population). For caffeine, granisetron, ibuprofen, ketamine, lidocaine, normal saline, propofol, and SPG blocks, additional evidence is needed and all are rated level U. "These guidelines formally recommend nerve blocks as an evidence-based treatment for acute migraine attacks in the emergency department," Robblee said in a statement. "Integrating this option into practice can offer patients faster pain relief and expand the tools available to emergency clinicians." Several authors disclosed ties to the biopharmaceutical industry. Abstract/Full Text

100 Deals associated with Ketamine Hydrochloride

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External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00711	Ketamine Hydrochloride	N01AX03	DBSALT000396

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Pain	United States	Pharmather Holdings Ltd.	08 Aug 2025
Anesthesia	United States	Ph Healthcare Services	19 Feb 1970

Developing

10 top R&D records.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Suicidal Ideation	NDA/BLA	United States	Pharmather Holdings Ltd.	11 Mar 2025
Bipolar and Related Disorders	Phase 3	United States	NeuroRx, Inc.	30 Jan 2022
Bipolar Disorder	Phase 3	United States	NeuroRx, Inc.	25 Jun 2019
Alcohol Use Disorder	Phase 3	United Kingdom	Awakn Life Sciences Corp.	-
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic	Phase 2	United States	Seelos Therapeutics, Inc.	27 Nov 2023
Rett Syndrome	Phase 2	United States	Pharmather Holdings Ltd.	02 Feb 2023
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced	Phase 2	United States	Pharmather, Inc.	05 Oct 2021
Parkinson Disease	Phase 2	United States	Pharmather, Inc.	05 Oct 2021
Cluster Headache	Phase 2	Denmark	Cch Pharma Pty Ltd.	20 Nov 2019
Depressive Disorder, Major	Phase 2	Australia	Douglas Pharmaceuticals Ltd.	30 May 2019

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Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

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Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT05277896 (Pubmed \| N Engl J Med)	Phase 4	-	2,365	Ketamine	muastxshef(nlcwzwcfhz) = hqyfxxiija xuccwzjqum (vyaingbjoh ) View more	Negative	09 Dec 2025
				Etomidate	muastxshef(nlcwzwcfhz) = pdawqyigbw xuccwzjqum (vyaingbjoh ) View more
NCT04625283 (IMPAKT ERAS, Pubmed \| Br J Anaesth)	Phase 4	-	1,522	Ketamine	tbslbbgrac(ptldrkkwwz): OR = 2.03 (95.0% CI, 1.14 - 3.63) View more	Negative	01 Dec 2025
				Saline placebo
NCT05279898 (PATHFINDERII, CTgov)	Not Applicable	Cognitive Dysfunction \| Pain \| Emergence Delirium	70	dexmedetomidine+EEG Monitoring+Ropivacaine+Propofol+Rocuronium+Ketamine+Remifentanil (Multimodal General Anesthesia (MMGA Bundle) - EEG Guided)	tuxowhkfqh(diwwfupcdu) = dhtmrreopg ubpxqcpwxz (bihfpljyfo, 28.5) View more	-	26 Nov 2025
				Dexmedetomidine+fentanyl+Hydromorphone+Acetaminophen+Oxycodone+Propofol+Sevoflurane+Lidocaine (Standard of Care/Control)	tuxowhkfqh(diwwfupcdu) = dwebizdvht ubpxqcpwxz (bihfpljyfo, 79.9) View more
NCT03950817 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Acute Pain	80	Nebulized Sub-dissociative Dose Ketamine at either 0.75 mg/kg (0.75 mg/kg)	ajfdcwoigm(vcboslhjmk) = sjhoskirph bvxpuaeqew (cwhllingln, 2.12) View more	-	12 Nov 2025
				Nebulized Sub-dissociative Dose Ketamine at 1 mg/kg (SDK: 1 mg/kg)	ajfdcwoigm(vcboslhjmk) = dxcepgoqek bvxpuaeqew (cwhllingln, 2.8) View more
NCT05294835 (Pubmed \| Transl Psychiatry)	Phase 2	Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic \| Depressive Disorder, Major OMICmAge \| GrimAge V2 \| PhenoAge	20	Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg (MDD or PTSD)	xyarexavkg(ajfcrhrfaz) = ykqyjabwrx eiadmerzzz (utizssbzws )	Positive	31 Oct 2025
NCT06588907 (Pubmed \| Am J Emerg Med)	Not Applicable	Pain	85	Procedural Sedation and Analgesia (PSA) with Ketamine	iafmnwobdn(zttdajnguw) = higher in the PSA group tuefynyknu (zkkwdqtctk ) View more	Positive	01 Oct 2025
				Infraclavicular Block (IB)
NCT05907213 (CTgov)	Phase 1	Depression, Postpartum \| Pain, Postoperative	12	Dose Level 1 (Ketamine (Ketalar) Dose Level 1)	rbmkicbthz = sjboyadmxl bcsdywlkcr (yefcbinsmp, fscqskfdlz - nhjsfhmxku) View more	-	12 Sep 2025
				Ketamine (Ketalar) Dose Level 2 (Ketamine (Ketalar) Dose Level 2)	rbmkicbthz = rympxgostm bcsdywlkcr (yefcbinsmp, arigtsyenp - yzjxkniaye) View more
NCT00210210 (KETAMINE, CTgov)	Phase 3	Breast Cancer \| Pain, Postoperative	230	ketamine (Ketamine Arm)	xjkzkvodtm = czjcatgqub hwdininjfc (rmtevsrdyr, hvgvnhpgas - csvbxpozhm) View more	-	08 Sep 2025
				Saline solution (Reference Arm)	xjkzkvodtm = xfnvyncurp hwdininjfc (rmtevsrdyr, mnvfkrgxpb - kpavoadhza) View more
NCT04226963 (Pubmed \| Neuropsychopharmacol Rep)	Not Applicable	Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant	35	Intravenous 0.5 mg/kg Ketamine	flkguzlrjp(kuhczjxqme) = elnotanmog bcihfrhxvi (nbfvozppbi ) View more	Positive	01 Sep 2025
				Oral 2.0/2.5 mg/kg Ketamine	flkguzlrjp(kuhczjxqme) = xdivcgnnvw bcihfrhxvi (nbfvozppbi ) View more
NCT04613453 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Depressive Disorder \| Depressive Disorder, Major	12	Ketamine Infusion (Ketamine Infusion)	dzfctidpnt(hkpuxmisak) = cctqfrvsan dfxjheqdhn (ynzxzsqgdc, 1.34) View more	-	26 Aug 2025
				Midazolam Infusion (Midazolam Infusion)	dzfctidpnt(hkpuxmisak) = pikupxtqol dfxjheqdhn (ynzxzsqgdc, 1.37) View more