Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) superfamily that is highly expressed in skeletalmuscle, was first described in 1997.

Chk1, also known as checkpoint kinase 1, is a crucial protein kinase involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression and DNA damage response in the human body.

Akt, also known as protein kinase B, is a crucial enzyme that plays a significant role in various cellular processes within the human body.

The Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by the PTPN11 gene, is the only confirmed oncogenic protein.

As a functionally diversified transcription factor, STAT3 can interact with a large number of signal molecules and forms various intra- and extracellular signal pathways.

ROCK, also known as Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases, is a class of serine/threonine protein kinases that play an important role in various common cellular functions such as cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and gene expression.

SOS1, is a protein that plays a crucial role in signal transduction pathways within the human body.

RET is a proto-oncogene initially discovered in 1985, it is located on chromosome 10q11.2, encoding a transmembrane glycoprotein: receptor tyrosine kinase.

SGLT1, or sodium-glucose co-transporter 1, plays a crucial role in the human body by facilitating the absorption of glucose and galactose in the small intestine.

RAS is a small G protein composed of 188 amino acids, primarily distributed on the inner membrane of the cytoplasm in cells, its activity undergoes dynamic changes.

RIPK1, also known as Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1, is a multi-domain protein that includes an N-terminal kinase domain, intermediate domain, and a C-terminal death domain.

The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a crucial fluid-regulating system composed of a series of peptide hormones and corresponding enzymes.