Last update 02 Jul 2024

Cephalexin

Last update 02 Jul 2024

Overview

R&D Status

Clinical Result

Translational Medicine

Overview

Basic Info

SummaryCephalexin, also known as KEFLEX®, is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibacterial drug that works by inhibiting PBPs. It was first approved in 1971 in the US by Pragma Pharmaceuticals LLC for oral administration. Cephalexin is used to treat various bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections, otitis media, skin and skin structure infections, bone infections, and genitourinary tract infections. Its molecular formula is C16H17N3O4S•H2O with a molecular weight of 365.41. KEFLEX® capsules are intended for oral administration and contain 7-(D-α-Amino-α-phenylacetamido)-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid monohydrate.

Drug Type

Small molecule drug

Synonyms

Ammonia benzyl cephalosporin, Cafalexin, Cefaiexin

+ [22]

Target

PBPs

Mechanism

PBPs inhibitors(Bacterial penicillin-binding protein inhibitors), Cell wall inhibitors

Therapeutic Areas

Infectious DiseasesHemic and Lymphatic DiseasesMouth and Tooth Diseases+ [5]

Active Indication

Acute bacterial sinusitisAcute prostatitisBacterial otitis media+ [16]

Inactive Indication

AnaphylaxisProstatitisUrogenital Abnormalities

Originator Organization

Pragma Pharmaceuticals LLC

Active Organization

Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd.

Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.

FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co. Ltd.

+ [1]

Inactive Organization

Pragma Pharmaceuticals LLC

Drug Highest PhaseApproved

First Approval Date

US (04 Jan 1971),

AnaphylaxisOtitis MediaProstatitis+ [3]

Regulation-

Structure

Molecular FormulaC16H19N3O5S

InChIKeyAVGYWQBCYZHHPN-CYJZLJNKSA-N

CAS Registry23325-78-2

118

Clinical Trials associated with Cephalexin

NCT04401553 / WithdrawnPhase 4IIT

First Tier Versus Second Tier Antibiotics for Surgical Site Infections Following Hysterectomy In the Patients With a Beta-Lactam Allergy: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-Blinded Clinical Trial

Postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) is associated with unnecessary use of heath care resources including prolonged hospitalization and increased hospital readmission. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is one of the most important strategies for prevention of SSI. If there is a beta-lactam allergy, second tier antibiotics (vancomycin and clindamycin) are recommended alternatives to first- and second-generation cephalosporins because of fears of possible allergy.
This prospective, randomized, and single-blinded clinical trial is designed to examine causality between second tier antibiotics use and surgical site infections in the subjects with a documented unverified penicillin allergy. Unverified beta-lactam allergy could be associated with antimicrobial treatment failure with second tires antibiotics during postoperative period.

Start Date16 Aug 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

NCT06406114 / Not yet recruitingPhase 2

Optimizing the Diagnostic Approach to Cephalosporin Allergy Testing

Cephalosporin antibiotics are commonly used but can result in allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. There is no clear diagnostic approach for cephalosporin-allergic patients, and guidance for the use of other antibiotics in allergic patients is based on side chain chemical similarity and limited skin testing evidence. This project includes a clinical trial and mechanistic studies to optimize the approach to cephalosporin allergy and advance future diagnostics.

Start Date01 Aug 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

The General Hospital Corp.

[+1]

NCT06127160 / RecruitingPhase 4IIT

Personalized Antibiotic Treatment in the Emergency Department: Panther Trial

This pilot study will randomize 40 female patients with acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis to receive standard duration of therapy versus patient-directed antimicrobial duration (PDAD). The primary objectives of this pilot trial are to determine the feasibility and safety of conducting a full-scale multi-center randomized controlled trial.

Start Date01 Jun 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

University of Iowa

[+1]

100 Clinical Results associated with Cephalexin

100 Translational Medicine associated with Cephalexin

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Cephalexin

3,360

Literatures (Medical) associated with Cephalexin

01 Dec 2024·Applied microbiology and biotechnology

Impact of Bacillus licheniformis from yaks following antibiotic therapy in mouse model

Article

Author: Quan, Chuxian ; Zhou, Shimeng ; Li, Xiang ; Li, Jiakui ; Li, Yan ; Iqbal, Mudassar ; Gong, Saisai ; Kulyar, Muhammad Fakhar-E-Alam ; Zeng, Zhibo

Gut microorganism (GM) is an integral component of the host microbiome and health system. Abuse of antibiotics disrupts the equilibrium of the microbiome, affecting environmental pathogens and host-associated bacteria alike. However, relatively little research on Bacillus licheniformis alleviates the adverse effects of antibiotics. To test the effect of B. licheniformis as a probiotic supplement against the effects of antibiotics, cefalexin was applied, and the recovery from cefalexin-induced jejunal community disorder and intestinal barrier damage was investigated by pathology, real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and high-throughput sequencing (HTS). The result showed that A group (antibiotic treatment) significantly reduced body weight and decreased the length of jejunal intestinal villi and the villi to crypt (V/C) value, which also caused structural damage to the jejunal mucosa. Meanwhile, antibiotic treatment suppressed the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, claudin, occludin, and Ki67 and elevated MUC2 expression more than the other Groups (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). However, T group (B. licheniformis supplements after antibiotic treatment) restored the expression of the above genes, and there was no statistically significant difference compared to the control group (P > 0.05). Moreover, the antibiotic treatment increased the relative abundance of 4 bacterial phyla affiliated with 16 bacterial genera in the jejunum community, including the dominant Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria in the jejunum. B. licheniformis supplements after antibiotic treatment reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Epsilonbacteraeota, Lactobacillus, and Candidatus Stoquefichus. This study uses mimic real-world exposure scenarios by considering the concentration and duration of exposure relevant to environmental antibiotic contamination levels. We described the post-antibiotic treatment with B. licheniformis could restore intestinal microbiome disorders and repair the intestinal barrier. KEY POINTS: • B. licheniformis post-antibiotics restore gut balance, repair barrier, and aid health • Antibiotics harm the gut barrier, alter structure, and raise disease risk • Long-term antibiotics affect the gut and increase disease susceptibility.

01 Mar 2024·Food chemistry

Block copolymer-derived recessed nanodisk-array electrodes for electrochemical detection of β-lactam antibiotics

Article

Author: Gandhi, Sonu ; Shah, Maitri ; Nathani, Akash ; Shekhar Sharma, Chandra ; Kolhe, Pratik

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the major socio-economic factors contributing to public health. β-lactams are most commonly prescribed drugs for variety of bacterial infections. Frequent use of antibiotics leads to AMR in humans and animals. The present work is focused on developing an electro-immunosensor to control and regulate the excessive use of antibiotics in animal-based food products. An amphiphilic block co-polymer poly(ethylene oxide-block-methyl methacrylate)(PEO-b-PMMA) was used to fabricate recessed nano-disk array electrode (RNE) and immobilized with Pen-Ab and Cef-Ab antibodies. The Limit of detection (LOD) of RNE working electrode was found to be 14.8 pM for penicillin and 13.8 pM for cefalexin with good selectivity in presence of non-specific antibiotics. Fabricated RNE electrode could detect trace amounts of spiked antigen in real samples of milk, egg and meat extract. Further, mesoporous thin film and microarrays can eventually be used to develop point-of-care diagnosis of antibiotics in animal-based food products.

01 Mar 2024·Environmental research

Adsorption behavior and interaction mechanism of microplastics with typical hydrophilic pharmaceuticals and personal care products

Article

Author: Liu, Lu ; Gong, Yichao ; Liu, Pengyan ; Sun, Qizhi

Microplastics (MPs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are two types of emerging contaminants widely present in the global aquatic ecosystem. The ecological risks associated with the coexistence of these two contaminants have garnered increasing attention from researchers. In this study, we selected 15 typical hydrophilic PPCPs, including Sulfacetamide (SA), Thiamphenicol, Florfenicol, Chloramphenicol (CHL), Ampicillin, Cephalexin, Ofloxacin, Fluorouracil, Phenytoin, Theophylline, Cimetidine, Methylparaben, Diethyltoluamide, Benzophenone-2 (BP-2), and Benzophenone-4, as adsorbates. We evaluated the adsorption potential of five traditional plastics (TPs), namely Polyamide 6 (PA6), Polystyrene (PS), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and Polyurethane (TPU), as well as three biodegradable plastics (BDPs), including Polylactic acid (PLA), Polybutylene succinate (PBS), and Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), for these adsorbates. Out of the 120 combinations of MPs and PPCPs tested, only 24 exhibited significant adsorption behavior. Notably, the adsorption performance of the three BDPs was stronger than that of the three typical TPs (PS, PET, and PVC). Based on their adsorption potential, PA6, BDPs, phenytoin, and BP-2 were identified as potential sources of high ecological risk. To further explore the adsorption mechanism, we investigated the adsorption behaviors of SA, BP-2, and CHL on PA6. The conclusions were as follows: SA, BP-2, and CHL all reached adsorption equilibrium within 24 h, with the partition coefficient (K_d) following this order: BP-2 (8.051) ≫ SA (0.052) > CHL (0.018). The primary forces of adsorption were electrostatic interactions, intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interaction, respectively. Additionally, weak electrostatic effects were observed in the adsorption of CHL and BP-2. The effects of pH, ionic strength, and fulvic acid on adsorption capacity varied. These results highlight a complex adsorption mechanism between MPs and hydrophilic contaminants in the aquatic environment. This study provides a basis for further evaluating the ecological risks of MPs and PPCPs combined pollution.

News (Medical) associated with Cephalexin

20 May 2024

·www.biospace.com

Zai Lab and Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics Announce NMPA Approval for XACDURO® (Sulbactam-Durlobactam or SUL-DUR) for Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Acinetobacter Baumannii-Calcoaceticus Complex in China

Drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is a growing global health threat and high priority pathogen needing new antibiotics, according to World Health Organization China NMPA approval based on comprehensive clinical data demonstrating robust activity of SUL-DUR against carbapenem-resistant bacterial strains In China, it is estimated there are approximately 300,000 cases of Acinetobacter infections and approximately 74% of them are carbapenem-resistant SHANGHAI & CAMBRIDGE, Mass. & WALTHAM, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Zai Lab Limited (NASDAQ: ZLAB; HKEX: 9688) and Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics today announced that China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) has approved Zai Lab’s New Drug Application (NDA) for XACDURO® (sulbactam-durlobactam) for the treatment of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP) caused by susceptible isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex in patients 18 years of age and older. The World Health Organization considers Acinetobacter a top-priority pathogen worldwide that needs novel antibiotics1. This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: “The NMPA approval of XACDURO demonstrates Zai Lab’s commitment to developing and delivering innovative therapies that address high unmet medical needs for patients in China and around the world,” said Dr. Harald Reinhart, President and Head of Global Development, Neuroscience, Autoimmune & Infectious Diseases, Zai Lab. “The public threat of dangerous pan-resistant Acinetobacter infections requires urgent action, as treatment options are limited and mortality rates remain high. We believe XACDURO represents a major step forward in an area of significant patient need.” The NMPA approval of XACDURO in China is based on positive results from the ATTACK trial (NCT03894046), a global, Phase 3 registrational trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of XACDURO versus colistin in patients with infections caused by A. baumannii. In the pivotal study, XACDURO demonstrated statistical non-inferiority versus colistin for the primary endpoint of 28-day all-cause mortality in patients with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter infections and a statistically significant improvement in clinical cure rates. XACDURO was well tolerated and exhibited a favorable safety pro the clinical program. Zai Lab participated in the global ATTACK study by enrolling patients in China. The Chinese patient cohort data confirm the findings of the global study regarding mortality and clinical response improvement. In May 2023, Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved XACDURO for the treatment of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by susceptible isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex – the first such FDA-approved pathogen-targeted therapy. “Six years ago, our two companies shared the vision of creating an innovative antibiotic therapy that could effectively address the global rise of drug-resistant Acinetobacter-related infections,” said Matt Ronsheim, PhD, President of Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics. “This approval is a testament to our strong and successful partnership with Zai Lab. Their invaluable collaboration during the Phase 3 trials provided the crucial data needed to move XACDURO through the regulatory process in China, just one year after it was approved in the U.S.” About XACDURO® (sulbactam-durlobactam) XACDURO® (sulbactam-durlobactam) is an intravenous drug developed by Entasis Therapeutics Inc., an affiliate of Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics, which is a combination of sulbactam, a β-lactam antibiotic, and durlobactam, a β-lactamase inhibitor, or BLI. XACDURO has been approved in the United States and mainland China for the treatment of adult patients with hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP), caused by susceptible isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex. Zai Lab has an exclusive license to develop and commercialize XACDURO in Greater China (mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau, collectively), Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. About Acinetobacter Baumannii Members of the Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex (Acinetobacter) are Gram-negative, opportunistic human pathogens that predominantly infect critically ill patients and often result in severe pneumonia and bloodstream infections.1 They can also infect other body sites, such as the urinary tract and the skin. Acinetobacter is considered a global threat in the healthcare setting due in part to its ability to acquire multidrug resistance. Acinetobacter is resistant to penicillins and has also acquired resistance genes for almost all antibiotics used to treat Gram-negative bacteria, including fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified carbapenem-resistant micro-organisms as an urgent threat.2 Globally, Acinetobacter baumannii was among the top six leading pathogens for deaths associated with resistance in 2019.3 Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter is considered a Priority 1 pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO)4. In the U.S., there are an estimated 40,000 to 80,000 cases of Acinetobacter each year, and about 40 percent of those are carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter.5,6 Globally, there are about a million cases each year of Acinetobacter, and about two-thirds of those are carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii5. More than 300,000 global deaths annually are associated with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter7. About Acinetobacter Baumannii Infections in China and Eastern Asia Based on the 2022 Annual Report of CARSS (China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System), approximately 300,000 Acinetobacter infections were reported in mainland China. According to the most recent CHINET report, resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii to the carbapenem class of antibiotics has risen to approximately 74% in China. Acinetobacter is also the most common pathogen that leads to hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia in China8. With commercially available therapy, the mortality rate is estimated to be 38% in China and 43% in Eastern Asia9. XACDURO® INDICATION & USAGE FROM U.S. PRESCRIBING INFORMATION Indication XACDURO (sulbactam for injection; durlobactam for injection), co-packaged for intravenous use is indicated in adults for the treatment of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP) caused by susceptible isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii- calcoaceticus complex. Limitations of Use XACDURO is not indicated for the treatment of HABP/VABP caused by pathogens other than susceptible isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex. Usage To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of XACDURO and other antibacterial drugs, XACDURO should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION FROM U.S. PRESCRIBING INFORMATION Contraindications: XACDURO is contraindicated in patients with a history of known severe hypersensitivity to the components of XACDURO or other beta-lactam antibacterial drugs. Warnings and Precautions: Hypersensitivity was observed in patients treated with XACDURO in clinical trials. Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions and serious skin reactions have been reported in patients receiving beta-lactam antibacterial drugs. Before initiating therapy with XACDURO, careful inquiry should be made concerning previous hypersensitivity reactions to carbapenems, penicillins, cephalosporins, other beta lactams, and other allergens. If an allergic reaction occurs, discontinue XACDURO. Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Evaluate if diarrhea occurs. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, the risk/benefit of continuing treatment with XACDURO should be assessed. Prescribing XACDURO in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Adverse Reactions: The most common adverse reactions reported in >10% of patients treated with XACDURO were liver test abnormalities (19%), diarrhea (17%), anemia (13%), and hypokalemia (12%). For U.S. patients: please see the Full Prescribing Information for XACDURO. About Zai Lab Zai Lab (NASDAQ: ZLAB; HKEX: 9688) is an innovative, research-based, commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company based in China and the United States. We are focused on discovering, developing and commercializing innovative products that address medical conditions with significant unmet needs in the areas of oncology, autoimmune disorders, infectious disease and neuroscience. Our goal is to leverage our competencies and resources to positively impact human health in China and worldwide. For additional information about Zai Lab, please visit or follow us at . Zai Lab Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements relating to our future expectations, plans, and prospects, including, without limitation, statements relating to the possible benefits, safety, and efficacy of SUL-DUR; the treatment of infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii, including carbapenem-resistant strains; clinical trial data; and risks and uncertainties associated with drug development and commercialization. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, included in this press release are forward-looking statements, and can be identified by words such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” and other similar expressions. Such statements constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees or assurances of future performance. Forward-looking statements are based on our expectations and assumptions as of the date of this press release and are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks, and changes in circumstances that may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. We may not actually achieve the plans, carry out the intentions, or meet the expectations or projections disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including but not limited to (1) our ability to successfully commercialize and generate revenue from our approved products, (2) our ability to obtain funding for our operations and business initiatives, (3) the results of our clinical and pre-clinical development of our product candidates, (4) the content and timing of decisions made by the relevant regulatory authorities regarding regulatory approvals of our product candidates, (5) risks related to doing business in China, and (6) other factors identified in our most recent annual and quarterly reports and in other reports we have filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). We anticipate that subsequent events and developments will cause our expectations and assumptions to change, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as may be required by law. These forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this press release. Our SEC filings can be found on our website at and the SEC’s website at . About Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics, a subsidiary of Innoviva, Inc., is focused on delivering innovative therapies in critical care and infectious disease. Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics’ products, through its affiliate, La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company, include GIAPREZA® (angiotensin II), approved to increase blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock, and XERAVA® (eravacycline) for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in adults. Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics’ products, through its affiliate, Entasis Therapeutics Inc., include XACDURO® (sulbactam for injection; durlobactam for injection), co-packaged for intravenous use approved for the treatment of adults with hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia caused by susceptible strains of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex (Acinetobacter). For more information about Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics, please visit here. Innoviva Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains certain “forward-looking” statements as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 regarding, among other things, statements relating to goals, plans, objectives, and future events. Innoviva intends such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The words “anticipate”, “expect”, “goal”, “intend”, “objective”, “opportunity”, “plan”, “potential”, “target” and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements involve substantial risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. These statements are based on the current estimates and assumptions of the management of Innoviva as of the date of this press release and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, changes in circumstances, assumptions and other factors that may cause the actual results of Innoviva to be materially different from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements include, among others, risks related to: expected cost savings; the commercialization of XACDURO® in the jurisdictions in which these products have been approved; the strategies, plans and objectives of Innoviva (including Innoviva’s growth strategy and corporate development initiatives); the timing, manner, and amount of potential capital returns to shareholders; the status and timing of clinical studies, data analysis and communication of results; the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of product candidates; expectations for product candidates through development and commercialization; the timing of regulatory approval of product candidates; and projections of revenue, expenses and other financial items; the impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19); the timing, manner and amount of capital deployment, including potential capital returns to stockholders; and risks related to the Company’s growth strategy. Other risks affecting Innoviva are described under the headings “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained in Innoviva’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, which are on the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and available on the SEC’s website at . Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. No forward-looking statements can be guaranteed, and actual results may differ materially from such statements. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The information in this press release is provided only as of the date hereof, and Innoviva assumes no obligation to update its forward-looking statements on account of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Notes: (1) Tala, B., Jad, A., Claude, A., Jihad, I., Chantal, L., Rakan, N.,& Eid, A. (2017). Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Acinetobacter baumannii Bacteremia. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 04 May 2017, Sec. Molecular Bacterial Pathogenesis Volume 7 – 2017: (2) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB): An urgent public health threat in United States healthcare facilities,” August 2021: (3) Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022; 399(10325):629-655. (21)02724-0/fulltext (4) World Health Organization, “WHO publishes list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed,” February 27, 2017: (5) Spellberg B, Rex JH. The value of single-pathogen antibacterial agents. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013 Dec;12(12):963. doi: 10.1038/nrd3957-c1. Epub 2013 Nov 15. (6) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic Resistance & Patient Safety Portal. “Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter,” May 2023: (7) Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022; 399(10325):629-655. Supplementary Material. Supplementary appendix. (21)02724-0/fulltext (8) China Diagnosis and Treatment Guideline for hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia, 2018; (9) Mohd 2021Sazlly Lim S, et al. The global prevalence of multidrug-resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii causing hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia and its associated mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2019 Dec;79(6):593-600. View source version on businesswire.com: Contacts For more information: Zai Lab Investor Relations: Christine Chiou / Lina Zhang +1 (917) 886-6929 / +86 136 8257 6943 christine.chiou1@zailaboratory.com / lina.zhang@zailaboratory.com Innoviva, Inc. Investor Relations Argot Partners +1 212.600.1902 Innoviva@argotpartners.com Zai Lab Corporate Communications: Shaun Maccoun / Xiaoyu Chen +1 (857) 270-8854 / +86 185 0015 5011 shaun.maccoun@zailaboratory.com / xiaoyu.chen@zailaboratory.com Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics Corporate Communications David Patti +1 908.421.5971 David.Patti@inva.com Source: Zai Lab Limited View this news release online at:

Phase 3Drug ApprovalLicense out/inClinical ResultQualified Infectious Disease Product

17 Apr 2024

·www.prnewswire.com

NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ:NRXP) Announces New Data on NRX-101 Demonstrating No Damage to Intestinal and Vaginal Flora in Validated Rodent Models Compared to Standard Antibiotics: Potential Implications for Avoidance of C. Difficile infections

New data demonstrates no impact of NRX-101 on gut or vaginal flora – considered primary causes of pseudomembranous colitis due to C difficile and vaginal yeast infections NRX-101 previously demonstrated potent activity against resistant urinary pathogens and has been shown to be fully excreted, unmetabolized, in the urine NRX-101 has received FDA Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) and Fast Track Designation in Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (cUTI) and Pyelonephritis RADNOR, Pa., April 17, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq:NRXP) ("NRx Pharmaceuticals", "NRx", the "Company"), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, today announced new data that demonstrate that in a rodent model NRX-101 shows no measurable damage to either intestinal or vaginal flora, compared to the significant negative effect caused by drugs such as ciprofloxacin. Antibiotics commonly used to treat complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) are associated with pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile (C diff) and vaginal yeast infections, primarily owing to their impact on normal flora. C. diff causes an intractable diarrhea in approximately 500,000 Americans each year and kills 1 in 11 Americans over age 65 who contract the infection. Costs of C. diff are estimated at $24,000 per patient and are significantly higher when C. diff occurs as part of a hospital admission. Whereas most antibiotics have substantial effect in the large bowel, the key component of NRX-101 (D-cycloserine) is entirely absorbed in the small intestine and excreted unmetabolized in the urine. If the nonclinical data reported today are replicated in patients, NRX-101 could represent the first antibiotic for cUTI and pyelonephritis that has essentially no risk of causing C. diff infection or vaginal yeast infection. There is an extensive literature surrounding the use of D-cycloserine to treat tuberculosis and cases of C. Diff are unknown. D-cycloserine's effect as an antibiotic is based on its propensity to substitute for the amino acid alanine in the formation of the bacterial cell wall. Dr. Michael Manyak, noted Professor of Urology and former Global Medical Director for Urology at Glaxo SmithKline stated "As a Urologist, I'm acutely aware of the importance of avoiding common side effects of current antibiotics. NRX-101's lack of impact on normal flora could potentially confer a distinct advantage for the product in for the treatment of cUTI and pyelonephritis. This profile could change the lives of the half million Americans each year who contract C. diff and save lives among the tens of thousands who die from antibiotic-induced C. diff infections. These potential advantages should make NRX-101 even more attractive to potential partners in this multi-billion-dollar market." Dr. Manyak serves as NRx's Medical Thought Leader for urology. "While we have primarily focused on NRX-101 as a drug to treat CNS disease, these new and highly provocative findings suggest that NRX-101 could find a home as a first line treatment for cUTI and pyelonephritis, which afflicts more than 3 million Americans each year. Should the rodent model findings prove applicable to the people, the use of NRX-101 to treat cUTI without increasing the risk of C. diff infection could have multibillion dollar potential," said Stephen Willard, JD, Chief Executive Officer of NRx pharmaceuticals. About D-Cycloserine in cUTI The active antibiotic ingredient of NRX-101 is D-cycloserine (DCS) that was developed as an antibiotic in the 1950's and used worldwide for the treatment of tuberculosis. However, it fell out of favor with the development of trimethoprim/sulfa and various penicillins, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines, in part because of the CNS effects associated with DCS-induced blockade of the brain's NMDA receptor. In the course of its CNS research, NRx Pharmaceuticals has demonstrated that small doses of lurasidone counteract those CNS effects, potentially providing a new therapeutic life to DCS as an antibiotic. Over the ensuing decades, increased antibiotic resistance has rendered standard treatments for UTI ineffective in many cases and today 3 million Americans suffer from cUTI requiring increasingly toxic antibiotics, increasingly frequent intravenous therapy, and increased need for hospital admission. (Lodise TP, et. al. Open Forum Infectious Diseases ) Because DCS has the unique property of being highly concentrated, unmetabolized, in the urine with oral administration, the Company believes, and previous literature has suggested that DCS may effectively treat, and therefore help prevent, the need for intravenous and inpatient treatment of cUTI. Moreover, because DCS is rapidly absorbed and excreted in the urine, NRX-101 has now been shown to have minimal tendency to disrupt the microbiome of the intestine and vagina and which can lead to secondary Clostridium difficile and/or yeast infections. C. diff associated colitis doubles hospital mortality and costs the American healthcare system up to $1.6 billion each year. (Drozd EM, et. al. Mortality, Hospital Costs, Payments, and Readmissions Associated With Clostridium difficile Infection DOI: 10.1097/IPC.0000000000000299) Additionally, DCS has no known association pulmonary fibrosis, a rare, lethal condition that has been associated with macrolide (tetracycline family) antibiotics. NRX-101 has received FDA Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) and Fast Track Designations in Complicated Urinary Tract Infection and Pyelonephritis. About NRx Pharmaceuticals NRx Pharmaceuticals is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing therapeutics based on its NMDA platform for the treatment of central nervous system disorders, specifically suicidal bipolar depression, chronic pain and PTSD. The Company is developing NRX-101, an FDA-designated investigational Breakthrough Therapy for suicidal treatment-resistant bipolar depression and chronic pain. NRx has partnered with Alvogen and Lotus around the development and marketing of NRX-101 for the treatment of suicidal bipolar depression. NRX-101 additionally has potential to act as a non-opioid treatment for chronic pain, as well as a treatment for complicated UTI. NRx has recently announced plans to submit a New Drug Application for HTX-100 (IV ketamine), through Hope Therapeutics, in the treatment of suicidal depression, based on results of well-controlled clinical trials conducted under the auspices of the US National Institutes of Health and newly obtained data from French health authorities, licensed under a data sharing agreement. NRx was awarded Fast Track Designation for development of ketamine (NRX-100) by the US FDA as part of a protocol to treat patients with acute suicidality. About HOPE Therapeutics, Inc. HOPE Therapeutics, Inc. () is a Specialty Pharmaceutical Company, wholly-owned by NRX Pharmaceuticals focused on development and marketing of an FDA-approved form of intravenous ketamine for the treatment of acute suicidality and depression together with a digital therapeutic-enabled platform designed to augment and preserve the clinical benefit of NMDA-targeted drug therapy. Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements The information contained herein includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. These statements include, among others, statements regarding the proposed public offering and the timing and the use of the proceeds from the offering. Forward-looking statements generally include statements that are predictive in nature and depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, and include words such as "may," "will," "should," "would," "expect," "plan," "believe," "intend," "look forward," and other similar expressions among others. These statements relate to future events or to the Company's future financial performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the Company's actual results to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which are, in some cases, beyond the Company's control and which could, and likely will, materially affect actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Any forward-looking statement reflects the Company's current views with respect to future events and is subject to these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to the Company's operations, results of operations, growth strategy and liquidity. More detailed information about the Company and the risk factors that may affect the realization of forward-looking statements is set forth in the Company's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Investors and security holders are urged to read these documents free of charge on the SEC's website at . Except as may be required by applicable law, The Company assumes no obligation to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. SOURCE NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Fast TrackQualified Infectious Disease Product

17 Apr 2024

·www.biospace.com

NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Announces New Data on NRX-101

New data demonstrates no impact of NRX-101 on gut or vaginal flora – considered primary causes of pseudomembranous colitis due to C difficile and vaginal yeast infections NRX-101 previously demonstrated potent activity against resistant urinary pathogens and has been shown to be fully excreted, unmetabolized, in the urine NRX-101 has received FDA Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) and Fast Track Designation in Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (cUTI) and Pyelonephritis RADNOR, Pa., April 17, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- NRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq:NRXP) ("NRx Pharmaceuticals", "NRx", the "Company"), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, today announced new data that demonstrate that in a rodent model NRX-101 shows no measurable damage to either intestinal or vaginal flora, compared to the significant negative effect caused by drugs such as ciprofloxacin. Antibiotics commonly used to treat complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) are associated with pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile (C diff) and vaginal yeast infections, primarily owing to their impact on normal flora. C. diff causes an intractable diarrhea in approximately 500,000 Americans each year and kills 1 in 11 Americans over age 65 who contract the infection. Costs of C. diff are estimated at $24,000 per patient and are significantly higher when C. diff occurs as part of a hospital admission. Whereas most antibiotics have substantial effect in the large bowel, the key component of NRX-101 (D-cycloserine) is entirely absorbed in the small intestine and excreted unmetabolized in the urine. If the nonclinical data reported today are replicated in patients, NRX-101 could represent the first antibiotic for cUTI and pyelonephritis that has essentially no risk of causing C. diff infection or vaginal yeast infection. There is an extensive literature surrounding the use of D-cycloserine to treat tuberculosis and cases of C. Diff are unknown. D-cycloserine's effect as an antibiotic is based on its propensity to substitute for the amino acid alanine in the formation of the bacterial cell wall. Dr. Michael Manyak, noted Professor of Urology and former Global Medical Director for Urology at Glaxo SmithKline stated "As a Urologist, I'm acutely aware of the importance of avoiding common side effects of current antibiotics. NRX-101's lack of impact on normal flora could potentially confer a distinct advantage for the product in for the treatment of cUTI and pyelonephritis. This pro change the lives of the half million Americans each year who contract C. diff and save lives among the tens of thousands who die from antibiotic-induced C. diff infections. These potential advantages should make NRX-101 even more attractive to potential partners in this multi-billion-dollar market." Dr. Manyak serves as NRx's Medical Thought Leader for urology. "While we have primarily focused on NRX-101 as a drug to treat CNS disease, these new and highly provocative findings suggest that NRX-101 could find a home as a first line treatment for cUTI and pyelonephritis, which afflicts more than 3 million Americans each year. Should the rodent model findings prove applicable to the people, the use of NRX-101 to treat cUTI without increasing the risk of C. diff infection could have multibillion dollar potential," said Stephen Willard, JD, Chief Executive Officer of NRx pharmaceuticals. About D-Cycloserine in cUTI The active antibiotic ingredient of NRX-101 is D-cycloserine (DCS) that was developed as an antibiotic in the 1950's and used worldwide for the treatment of tuberculosis. However, it fell out of favor with the development of trimethoprim/sulfa and various penicillins, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines, in part because of the CNS effects associated with DCS-induced blockade of the brain's NMDA receptor. In the course of its CNS research, NRx Pharmaceuticals has demonstrated that small doses of lurasidone counteract those CNS effects, potentially providing a new therapeutic life to DCS as an antibiotic. Over the ensuing decades, increased antibiotic resistance has rendered standard treatments for UTI ineffective in many cases and today 3 million Americans suffer from cUTI requiring increasingly toxic antibiotics, increasingly frequent intravenous therapy, and increased need for hospital admission. (Lodise TP, et. al. Open Forum Infectious Diseases ) Because DCS has the unique property of being highly concentrated, unmetabolized, in the urine with oral administration, the Company believes, and previous literature has suggested that DCS may effectively treat, and therefore help prevent, the need for intravenous and inpatient treatment of cUTI. Moreover, because DCS is rapidly absorbed and excreted in the urine, NRX-101 has now been shown to have minimal tendency to disrupt the microbiome of the intestine and vagina and which can lead to secondary Clostridium difficile and/or yeast infections. C. diff associated colitis doubles hospital mortality and costs the American healthcare system up to $1.6 billion each year. (Drozd EM, et. al. Mortality, Hospital Costs, Payments, and Readmissions Associated With Clostridium difficile Infection DOI: 10.1097/IPC.0000000000000299) Additionally, DCS has no known association pulmonary fibrosis, a rare, lethal condition that has been associated with macrolide (tetracycline family) antibiotics. NRX-101 has received FDA Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) and Fast Track Designations in Complicated Urinary Tract Infection and Pyelonephritis. About NRx Pharmaceuticals NRx Pharmaceuticals is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing therapeutics based on its NMDA platform for the treatment of central nervous system disorders, specifically suicidal bipolar depression, chronic pain and PTSD. The Company is developing NRX-101, an FDA-designated investigational Breakthrough Therapy for suicidal treatment-resistant bipolar depression and chronic pain. NRx has partnered with Alvogen and Lotus around the development and marketing of NRX-101 for the treatment of suicidal bipolar depression. NRX-101 additionally has potential to act as a non-opioid treatment for chronic pain, as well as a treatment for complicated UTI. NRx has recently announced plans to submit a New Drug Application for HTX-100 (IV ketamine), through Hope Therapeutics, in the treatment of suicidal depression, based on results of well-controlled clinical trials conducted under the auspices of the US National Institutes of Health and newly obtained data from French health authorities, licensed under a data sharing agreement. NRx was awarded Fast Track Designation for development of ketamine (NRX-100) by the US FDA as part of a protocol to treat patients with acute suicidality. About HOPE Therapeutics, Inc. HOPE Therapeutics, Inc. ( ) is a Specialty Pharmaceutical Company, wholly-owned by NRX Pharmaceuticals focused on development and marketing of an FDA-approved form of intravenous ketamine for the treatment of acute suicidality and depression together with a digital therapeutic-enabled platform designed to augment and preserve the clinical benefit of NMDA-targeted drug therapy. Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements The information contained herein includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. These statements include, among others, statements regarding the proposed public offering and the timing and the use of the proceeds from the offering. Forward-looking statements generally include statements that are predictive in nature and depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, and include words such as "may," "will," "should," "would," "expect," "plan," "believe," "intend," "look forward," and other similar expressions among others. These statements relate to future events or to the Company's future financial performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the Company's actual results to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which are, in some cases, beyond the Company's control and which could, and likely will, materially affect actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Any forward-looking statement reflects the Company's current views with respect to future events and is subject to these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to the Company's operations, results of operations, growth strategy and liquidity. More detailed information about the Company and the risk factors that may affect the realization of forward-looking statements is set forth in the Company's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Investors and security holders are urged to read these documents free of charge on the SEC's website at . Except as may be required by applicable law, The Company assumes no obligation to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Company Codes: NASDAQ-NMS:NRXP

Fast TrackQualified Infectious Disease Product

100 Deals associated with Cephalexin

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KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00906	Cephalexin	J01DB01	DB00567

R&D Status

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Acute bacterial sinusitis	AU	Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd.	24 Feb 2004
Acute prostatitis	AU	Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd.	24 Feb 2004
Bacterial otitis media	AU	Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd.	24 Feb 2004
Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus infection	AU	Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd.	24 Feb 2004
Complicated skin and soft tissue infection	AU	Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd.	24 Feb 2004
Pneumococcal Infections	AU	Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd.	24 Feb 2004
Bacterial Infections	CN	Maoxiang Group (Tianjin) Pharmaceutical Co Ltd	01 Jan 1981
Acute Bronchitis	JP	Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.	01 Aug 1978
Cystitis	JP	Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.	01 Aug 1978
Lymphadenitis	JP	Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.	01 Aug 1978
Otitis Externa	JP	Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.	01 Aug 1978
Pharyngolaryngitis	JP	Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.	01 Aug 1978
Pneumonia	JP	Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.	01 Aug 1978
Pyoderma	JP	Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.	01 Aug 1978
Secondary infection	JP	Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.	01 Aug 1978
Sinusitis	JP	Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.	01 Aug 1978
Tonsillitis	JP	Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.	01 Aug 1978
Inflammation	JP	FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co. Ltd.	04 Apr 1972
Anaphylaxis	US	Pragma Pharmaceuticals LLC	04 Jan 1971
Otitis Media	US	Pragma Pharmaceuticals LLC	04 Jan 1971

Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

View All Results

Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT02579161 (CTgov)	Phase 3	Kidney Calculi	98	Fluoroquinolones+cephalosporins+Gentamicin+Ampicillin+Clindamycin (Antibiotics for a 24 Hour Period)	rqmhptphla(rwtwlyiytl) = ofuhfrghar yucjuhhgwa (mkoehiaygv, aytgvathtr - mehewzhwam) View more	-	14 Mar 2023
				Fluoroquinolones+cephalosporins+Gentamicin+Ampicillin+Clindamycin (Continued Antibiotics)	rqmhptphla(rwtwlyiytl) = nsurbnmigd yucjuhhgwa (mkoehiaygv, ogzledacfc - ryswrhjjwp) View more
AAAAI2023	Not Applicable	Allergy to penicillin	-	Cephalosporins	jyjpqeoako(jkshzancew) = cviinremmm bifpiskfex (xeowwzptum )	-	01 Feb 2023
NCT04471246 (Pubmed)	Phase 4	Cellulitis	69	High-dose cephalexin (1000 mg)	pyiqikzwqi(ankuovctfm) = rhwelxqyxk tjfviwzptn (gbevgoplqs, 43.1 - 59.8)	-	02 Jan 2023
IRCT20200608047685N2 (Pubmed)	Phase 3	Obesity	-	Oral cephalexin and metronidazole	noxicgmmma(oesuqkkdjl) = wpyqwkfibv ndgrnmpphl (xmytpxflie ) View more	Positive	05 Dec 2022
				Cephalexin and placebo	noxicgmmma(oesuqkkdjl) = xofevcodct ndgrnmpphl (xmytpxflie ) View more
NCT01595529 (SCOUT, CTgov)	Phase 2	Urinary Tract Infections	717	Cephalexin+Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)+Sulfamethoxazole+Trimethoprim+Cefdinir+Cefixime (Standard Course Treatment)	durankgjey(gcnyotcwyp) = uogbmylyml hhgsffebrx (qdgtaocdch, bahvgsmscq - rwxsxcttuy) View more	-	13 Jul 2020
				placebo (Short Course Treatment)	durankgjey(gcnyotcwyp) = lsvhaogvsf hhgsffebrx (qdgtaocdch, eabvrawpnh - ovzsjfmiro) View more
P0300 (ERA2020)	Not Applicable	PMRG-producing bacteria \| extended spectrum beta-lactamases producers (ESBLs) \| PMQR	105	Cephalosporins	wbdukogsms(gxvhfzgbja) = upsonevofn ievziaxbvm (nrgddadalv, 0.495%CI[0 - 21;0 to 75]) View more	Negative	06 Jun 2020
				Fluoroquinolones	wbdukogsms(gxvhfzgbja) = awashstpjw ievziaxbvm (nrgddadalv, 0.495%CI[0 - 21;0 to 75]) View more
NCT00957827 (CTgov)	Not Applicable	Lacerations	4	keflex (Keflex)	qjzpqqncbx(hkenqwqekf) = weenadgbkj johjxvweqr (hxsudijitn, kxgrgyvnbn - aqkkxrpiqi) View more	-	16 Apr 2019
				placebo (Placebo)	qjzpqqncbx(hkenqwqekf) = ycxhejizsk johjxvweqr (hxsudijitn, ddihdrcntz - fzrhdhiqol) View more
NCT01029782 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Cellulitis	206	cephalexin+cefazolin+probenecid (IV Cefazolin Plus Oral Probenecid and Placebo Cephalexin)	tmuqsjcqxh(ttnoppzcsh) = zlxdzrtgec fjvozytolm (uvvdxxeeri, hntvjkhyfu - ufslmynasn) View more	-	13 Aug 2018
				Oral cephalexin (Oral Cephalexin and Saline IV Plus Probenecid Placebo)	tmuqsjcqxh(ttnoppzcsh) = unywrxrmgo fjvozytolm (uvvdxxeeri, wmavdrnryk - obguyazkjs) View more
NCT01029782 (Pubmed \| Emerg Med J)	Phase 2	Skin structures and soft tissue infections	206	Cephalexin 500 mg	rvozjdqwxz(uwlnsupryn) = tcneqcvylq yeaypxvwkb (lrtwaxzyrb ) View more	Positive	01 Aug 2018
				Cefazolin 2 g + Probenecid 1 g	rvozjdqwxz(uwlnsupryn) = nyiggceggk yeaypxvwkb (lrtwaxzyrb ) View more
NCT01194115 (Pubmed \| JAMA)	Not Applicable	Obesity	403	Oral cephalexin and metronidazole	gwivmogmol(ihnndilajn) = kokodejhhd eojttcmpmu (ugubeadymc )	Positive	19 Sep 2017
				Placebo	gwivmogmol(ihnndilajn) = biyldzqqez eojttcmpmu (ugubeadymc )

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