The purpose of this study is to investigate whether norepinephrine(N), phenylephrine(P) or ephedrine(E) have different effect on cerebral oxygenation in abdominal surgery with propofol or sevoflurane.

Start Date05 Mar 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

Dalian Central Hospital

NCT05414877 / Not yet recruitingNot ApplicableIIT

Effects of Vasopressors on Cerebral Hemodynamics in Patients With Carotid Endarterectomy Under General Anesthesia(MRI Part): a Randomized Controlled Study

This study was a single-center, exploratory, randomized controlled trial. First, the effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, or norepinephrine on cerebral blood flow hemodynamics in CEA patients were evaluated using DSC-MRI to investigate the specific mechanisms of the three vasopressors on cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in brain tissues.

Start Date30 Sep 2023

Sponsor / Collaborator

Beijing Tiantan Hospital

NCT05993182 / CompletedPhase 4IIT

Comparative Study Among Different Doses of Ephedrine During Elective Cesarean Section Under Subarachnoid Block - Time to Event Analysis.

compare the time of second hypotension after administration of three different doses of ephedrine 5,10,15 mg

Start Date20 Aug 2023

Sponsor / Collaborator

Aswan University

100 Clinical Results associated with Ephedrine Sulfate

100 Translational Medicine associated with Ephedrine Sulfate

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Ephedrine Sulfate

4,589

Literatures (Medical) associated with Ephedrine Sulfate

01 Mar 2024·Journal of ethnopharmacology

Exploration of material basis: Chemical composition profile, metabolic profile and pharmacokinetic characteristics in Xingbei Zhike granule

Article

Author: Cao, Liang ; Hu, Guizhou ; Chen, Xialin ; Ren, Guoqing ; Wang, Zhenzhong ; Qian, Mengyu ; Gao, Xia ; Feng, Jian ; Dang, Huimin ; Xiao, Wei ; Wang, Jiajia ; Gao, Huifang

HEADINGS ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

Xingbei Zhike granule (XBZK), a widely prescribed Chinese patent medicine, is known for its efficacy in clearing lung qi, relieving cough and reducing phlegm, as well as fever, dry and bitter taste, and irritability. Despite its clinical popularity, comprehensive investigations into its chemical composition, in vivo metabolism, and pharmacokinetic characteristics are limited.

AIM OF THE STUDY:

This study investigates the chemical composition, in vivo metabolism, and in vivo dynamics of XBZK to clarify its material basis and pharmacokinetic characteristics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Orbitrap-MS) was used to determine the chemical composition and in vivo metabolic profile of XBZK. Additionally, UPLC with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ-MS/MS) was performed to quantify its main components and evaluate its in vivo dynamics in rat plasma.

RESULTS:

In total, 57 components were identified in XBZK. Furthermore, 40 prototype components and 31 metabolites were detected in various biological matrices of rats, including plasma, tissues, bile, feces, and urine. After administration, the area under the curve (AUC) for ephedrine (Eph), pseudoephedrine (Peph), neotuberostemonine (Neo), amygdalin (Amy), and enoxolone (Eno) exhibited a strong linear relationship with the administered dose (r > 0.9) in all rats. And gender-related differences in the absorption of peiminine (Pmn), peimisine (Pms), and chrysin-7-O-glucuronide (Cog) were notable among rats, with male rats showing a dose-dependent pattern of absorption, while female rats exhibited minimal absorption.

CONCLUSIONS:

XBZK contains 57 components, primarily composed of flavonoids, alkaloids, and coumarins. The eight main components were rapidly absorbed and eliminated, with some, such as Eph, Peph, Neo, Amy and Eno, following a linear pharmacokinetic pattern. Furthermore, Pmn, Pms and Cog were well absorbed in male rats, showing a dose-dependent behavior.

01 Jan 2024·Journal of ethnopharmacology

Interpretation of the anti-influenza active ingredients and potential mechanisms of Ge Gen Decoction based on spectrum-effect relationships and network analysis

Article

Author: Geng, Zikai ; Ke, Siyuan ; Wang, Xiuyi ; Lyu, Jiantao ; Liu, Yu ; Li, Yaqun ; Liu, Xiyu

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

Ge Gen Decoction (GGD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription that originated in the ancient Chinese medical book "Treatise on Febrile Diseases". The prescription consists of 7 herbs: Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Ephedra sinica Stapf, Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl, Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Zingiber officinale Rosc., and Ziziphus jujuba Mill. It can alleviate high fever and soreness in the neck and shoulders caused by exogenous wind chill and is widely used in both China and Japan. Currently, GGD is primarily utilized for treating flu and the common cold. GGD has been reported to show significant anti-influenza A virus (IAV) activity both in vitro and in vivo. However, the active ingredients responsible for its anti-influenza properties have not been elucidated, and the mechanisms underlying its anti-influenza effects require further research.

AIM OF THE STUDY:

This study aims to investigate the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of GGD in treating influenza.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

HPLC chromatograms were established for GGD water and different polar extracts. The effect of different GGD extracts on pulmonary virus titers and TNFα expression was assessed through RT-PCR analysis. Spectrum-effect relationships between chromatographic peaks of GGD and its virus inhibition rate and TNFα inhibition rate were investigated using partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. HPLC-Q-TOF-MS was utilized to identify the constituents absorbed into the blood after oral administration of GGD. Network analysis of the absorbed forms of active ingredients was conducted to predict the potential mechanisms of GGD. Subsequently, total SOD activity, CAT and HO-1 expression and Nrf2 nuclear translocation were then analyzed. Finally, the impact of interfering with HO-1 expression on the anti-IAV activity of GGD was examined.

RESULTS:

The study identified 11 anti-influenza active ingredients in GGD, which are daidzein, ononin, genistin, daidzin, 3'-methoxypuerarin, puerarin, pseudoephedrine, paeoniflorin, pormononetin-7-xylosyl-glucoside, penistein-7-O-apiosyl-glucoside, and ephedrine. Network analysis revealed various biological activities of GGD, including responses to ROS and oxidative stress. GGD also involves multiple antiviral pathways, such as hepatitis B, IAV, and Toll-like receptor pathways. Experimental assays demonstrated that GGD possesses independent antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, GGD inhibits the increase in intracellular ROS induced by IAV. In vivo, it reduces MDA levels and increases total pulmonary SOD activity. Applying siRNA and flow cytometry analysis revealed that GGD alleviates IAV-induced oxidative burst by promoting the expression of HO-1 and CAT. Western blot analysis revealed that GGD effectively promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation and enhances Nrf2 expression. Furthermore, this study found that the enhancement of HO-1 expression by GGD contributed to its anti-IAV activity.

CONCLUSIONS:

The study identified the active ingredients of GGD against influenza and demonstrated the beneficial role of GGD's antioxidant activity in treating flu. The antioxidant activity of GGD is associated with the promotion of Nrf2 nuclear translocation and the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, HO-1, and CAT. Overall, this study provides evidence supporting the use of GGD as an adjunctive or complementary therapy for influenza.

01 Jan 2024·Journal of ethnopharmacology

NLRP3 neuroinflammatory intervention of Mahuang-Lianqiao-Chixiaodou decoction for mental disorders in atopic dermatitis mice

Article

Author: Zheng, Fengjie ; Yuan, Huimin ; Tang, Yang ; Sun, Yan ; Yu, Yanru ; Li, Aorou ; Yan, Shuxin ; Zhang, Shujing

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:

Mahuang-Lianqiao-Chixiaodou decoction (MLCD) is a traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM) formula recorded in the Treatise on Febrile Diseases. It is commonly used for clinical treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the potential mechanisms of MLCD intervention in AD combined with mental disorders behaviors such as anxiety and depression remain elusive and deserves further investigation.

AIM OF THE STUDY:

The study aims to observe the effect of MLCD on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in AD mice and explore the possible neuroinflammatory mechanism of NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The chemical components of MLCD extracts were identified using UHPLC-MS. The AD mice were induced by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and treated with MLCD or mometasone furoate (MF, as a positive control) for 7 days. The pathological changes in their skin tissue and brain hippocampus were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Elevated plus-maze test (EPM), open field test (OFT), and the suspended tail (TST) were used to measure the anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in AD mice. Expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins in brain hippocampus were measured by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting (WB).

RESULTS:

We found that MLCD contain many active ingredients, including ephedrine, Forsythoside A, phillyrin, glycyrrhizic acid, etc. Both MLCD and MF alleviated skin lesions and promoted positive histopathological changes in the hippocampus of AD mince to varying degrees. MLCD however, could further increase their proportion of open arm entry times (Oentries%) in EPM, residence time in the central area (Ctime) and the proportion of the number of times in the central area (Centries%) in OFT significantly. MLCD also reduces their immobility time in TST considerably. Mechanistically, MLCD downregulated the relative mRNA expression and protein level of NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in hippocampal tissue compared to the model group.

CONCLUSIONS:

MLCD can alleviate anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors in AD mice by intervening in the gene and protein expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-related factors, thus treating AD.

News (Medical) associated with Ephedrine Sulfate

28 Aug 2023

·www.biospace.com

FDA Rejects Bulk Compounding For Ephedrine Sulfate

LINCOLNSHIRE, Ill.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Nexus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a notice in the Federal Register that ephedrine sulfate should not be bulked by compounding facilities. Bulking is the practice of an outsourcing facility to “compound a drug using a bulk drug substance.”1 The FDA explained that bulk compounding is allowed only where there is a drug shortage or “the bulk drug substance appears on a list” set by the FDA called “the 503B Bulks List.”2 Section 503B refers to the portion of the Drug Quality and Security Act setting forth requirements when certain compounded products may be allowed. On August 21, 2023, the FDA published its conclusion as to ephedrine sulfate that the FDA “now decided not to place [it] on the 503B Bulks List.”3 The FDA confirmed that companies including Nexus with its EMERPHED® product already have FDA-approved products available for both the vial and syringe presentations of ephedrine sulfate, including “as a 5 mL single dose, prefilled syringe that contains 25 mg/5 mL (5 mg/mL) ephedrine sulfate, preservative-free, for intravenous administration, and as a 10 mL single dose, prefilled syringe that contains 50 mg/10 mL (5 mg/mL) ephedrine sulfate, preservative-free, for intravenous administration.”4 In its notice this week, the FDA also confirmed that “the products available as prefilled syringes are premixed formulations and do not require dilution prior to administration for their labeled indications.”5 The FDA concluded that “there is no clinical need for outsourcing facilities to compound using the bulk substance[] ephedrine sulfate” and “therefore we are not including these bulk drug substances on the 503B Bulks List.”6 “We are pleased that the FDA properly decided bulk compounding for ephedrine sulfate is not authorized,” said Chief Executive Officer and President, Usman Ahmed. “The FDA needs to continue to step up as a champion for compliance with the substantial restrictions Congress set forth for when compounded products may be tolerated.” Nexus’ EMERPHED® product is and remains available as an FDA-approved ephedrine sulfate product in both vial and syringe presentations. EMERPHED® was the first 10 mL ephedrine sulfate prefilled syringe approved by the FDA. About EMERPHED® (ephedrine sulfate injection) INDICATIONS AND USAGE EMERPHED® (ephedrine sulfate injection) is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist and a norepinephrine-releasing agent that is indicated for the treatment of clinically important hypotension occurring in the setting of anesthesia. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS EMERPHED® (ephedrine sulfate injection) can cause pressor effects with concomitant use with oxytocic drugs. It can also cause tachyphylaxis with repeated administration of ephedrine. CONTRAINDICATIONS None. OVERDOSAGE Overdose of EMERPHED® (ephedrine sulfate injection) can cause a rapid rise in blood pressure. In the case of an overdose, careful monitoring of blood pressure is recommended. If blood pressure continues to rise to an unacceptable level, parenteral antihypertensive agents can be administered at the discretion of the clinician. ADVERSE REACTIONS Most common adverse reactions during treatment: nausea, vomiting, and tachycardia. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Nexus Pharmaceuticals at (855) 642-2594 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or . About Nexus Pharmaceuticals LLC Nexus Pharmaceuticals LLC, a US-based healthcare company and certified diverse supplier, specializes in innovative processes to make difficult-to-manufacture specialty and generic drugs that are easier to use, less labor-intensive, and more streamlined in practice. Nexus ensures that its high-quality FDA-approved drugs fulfill a critical unmet medical need and delivers dependable life-saving treatment options when and where they’re needed most. For more information about Nexus Pharmaceuticals and its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Wisconsin, visit . ________________________________ 1 FDA Register, Vol. 88, No. 160, at 56838 (available at ). 2 Id. at 56839. 3 Id. 4 Id. at 56840. 5 Id. 6 Id. at 56t843.

27 Jul 2023

·www.prnewswire.com

AcelRx to Host Second Quarter 2023 Financial Results Call and Webcast on August 10, 2023

HAYWARD, Calif., July 27, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: ACRX), (AcelRx), a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies for use in medically supervised settings, today announced that it will release second quarter 2023 financial results after market close on Thursday, August 10, 2023, then host a live webcast and conference call at 4:30 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time/1:30 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time to discuss the results and provide an update on the Company's business. Webcast Information The webcast can be accessed here or by visiting the Investors section of the Company's website at and clicking on the webcast link within News & Events/Upcoming Events section. The webcast will include a slide presentation and a replay will be available on the AcelRx website for 90 days following the event. Conference Call Information Investors who wish to participate in the conference call may do so by dialing 1-866-361-2335 for domestic callers, 1-855-669-9657 for Canadian callers, or 1-412-902-4204 (toll applies) for international callers. The conference ID is 10181172. About AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies for use in medically supervised settings. AcelRx's lead product candidate, Niyad is a lyophilized formulation of nafamostat and is currently being studied under an investigational device exemption, or IDE, as an anticoagulant for the extracorporeal circuit, and has received Breakthrough Device Designation Status from the FDA. AcelRx is also developing two pre-filled syringes in-licensed from its partner Aguettant: Fedsyra™, a pre-filled ephedrine syringe, with an expected NDA filing in 2023, and PFS-02, a pre-filled phenylephrine syringe with an expected NDA filing in 2024. This release is intended for investors only. For additional information about AcelRx, please visit . SOURCE AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Financial StatementBreakthrough Therapy

21 Jul 2023

·www.prnewswire.com

AcelRx Pharmaceuticals Announces Closing of Previously Announced Private Placement Priced At-The-Market Under Nasdaq Rules

Transformative capital raise, led by new investors including Nantahala Capital Management The private placement provides access to up to $26.3 million of gross proceeds upon the exercise of the milestone-affected warrants HAYWARD, Calif., July 21, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: ACRX), ("AcelRx" or the "Company"), a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies for use in medically supervised settings, today announced the closing of its previously announced private placement of common stock, pre-funded warrants and common warrants for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $10 million, before deducting the placement agent's fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company, with an additional potential $16.3 million upon the exercise of the common warrants, which include an acceleration feature should the Company achieve certain performance milestones. "We are appreciative of the new and existing investors' confidence in AcelRx's transformation with Niyad as the lead value driver. We remain on track to move the Niyad™ clinical study forward this year with our planned PMA submission next year. The proceeds received, along with the exercise of the milestone-affected warrants, will provide us the capital needed to advance Niyad towards an FDA approval," said Vince Angotti, CEO of AcelRx. Investors purchased an aggregate of 5,340,591 shares of common stock, at a purchase price of $1.36 per share of common stock, and pre-funded warrants to purchase 2,012,356 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $1.359 per pre-funded warrant (the "Pre-Funded Warrants"). The exercise price of the Pre-Funded Warrants is $0.001 per share. Each share of common stock and Pre-Funded Warrant is accompanied by a Series A common warrant, the term of which will be accelerated upon the Company's receipt of an emergency use authorization from the FDA, or PMA approval, and a Series B common warrant to purchase up to an equal number of shares of common stock, the term of which will be accelerated upon the Company's achievement of a positive outcome of its Niyad clinical study or PMA approval for Niyad. The Series A common warrants are exercisable for 7,352,947 shares of common stock and the Series B common warrants are exercisable for 7,352,947 shares of common stock (the Series A common warrants and the Series B common warrants are collectively, the "Warrants"). The Warrants have an exercise price of $1.11 per share, are immediately exercisable upon issuance, and expire five years from the date of issuance; provided that such expiration date will, upon the public announcement by the Company of the occurrence of certain milestone events, be accelerated to the date that is 45 days following the date of such public announcement. No assurance can be given that any of the Warrants will be exercised. The Company intends to use the net proceeds for working capital and general corporate purposes, including general and administrative expenses, research and development expenses and capital expenditures. Additional information regarding the private placement will be included in a Form 8-K to be filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and this press release is subject to the further detail provided in the Form 8-K. H.C. Wainwright & Co. acted as the exclusive placement agent for the private placement. The securities were offered in a private placement under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Act"), and Regulation D promulgated thereunder, and have not been registered under the Act, or applicable state securities laws. Accordingly, such securities may not be reoffered or resold in the United States except pursuant to an effective registration statement or an applicable exemption from the registration requirements of the Act and such applicable state securities laws. The Company has agreed to file a registration statement under the Act with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), covering the resale of the shares of common stock issued in the private placement and the shares of common stock underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants and Warrants no later than 15 days following the date of the definitive agreement, and to use reasonable best efforts to have the registration statement declared effective as promptly as practical thereafter, and in any event no later than 90 days following the date of the definitive agreement in the event of a "full review" by the SEC. This press release does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any of the securities described herein, nor shall there be any sale of these securities in any state or other jurisdiction in which such an offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state or other jurisdiction. About AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies for use in medically supervised settings. AcelRx's lead product candidate, Niyad, is a lyophilized formulation of nafamostat and is currently being studied under an investigational device exemption ("IDE"), as an anticoagulant for the extracorporeal circuit, and has received Breakthrough Device Designation Status from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. AcelRx is also developing two pre-filled syringes in-licensed from its partner Aguettant: Fedsyra™, a pre-filled ephedrine syringe, with an expected NDA filing in 2023, and PFS-02, a pre-filled phenylephrine syringe with an expected NDA filing in 2024. For additional information about AcelRx, please visit . Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements pertaining to the Company's expectations regarding the completion of the offerings, the satisfaction of customary closing conditions related to the offerings, the intended use of proceeds from the offerings in this press release constitute forward-looking statements. These statements may be identified by the use of forward-looking expressions, including, but not limited to, "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "believe," "estimate," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "would" and similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. These statements relate to future events or our financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, such as market and other conditions, which may cause actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Such factors include market conditions, the ability of the Company to achieve certain milestone events, and the exercise of the Warrants in connection with the acceleration of the expiration date upon the achievement of such milestone events, as well as those set forth in the Company's annual, quarterly and current reports (i.e., Form 10-K, Form 10-Q and Form 8-K) as filed or furnished with the SEC and any subsequent public filings. Prospective investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this press release. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. SOURCE AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

100 Deals associated with Ephedrine Sulfate

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D04018	Ephedrine Sulfate	R01AA03 C01CA26 S01FB02	DB01364

R&D Status

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Hypotension	US	Exela Pharma Sciences LLC	29 Apr 2016

Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

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Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT02025426 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Pre-Eclampsia	13	Phenylephrine (Phenylephrine)	gcyycqkcoh(twgjzztudz) = fcrypbekkr txolskjlxw (mhxcuindcd, uzhokazyxd - wsjekftjds) View more	-	14 Oct 2020
				Ephedrine (Ephedrine)	gcyycqkcoh(twgjzztudz) = nwaenxpqst txolskjlxw (mhxcuindcd, pcrwtqeiou - wxdiydvmhq) View more
NCT02726620 (CTgov)	Not Applicable	Hypotension	22,435	Central neuraxial anesthesia+Glycopyrrolate+dopamine+Hydroxyethyl starch solutions+Epinephrine+desflurane+bupivacaine+Sodium Chloride 0.9%+propofol+atropine+Ephedrine+Isoflurane+Dobutamine+Vasopressin+Isoproterenol+norepinephrine+Prilocaine+Benzocaine+Procaine+Terlipressin+Tetracaine+ropivacaine+Articaine+levobupivacaine+Milrinone+phenylephrine+Sevoflurane+Mepivacaine+lidocaine+Chloroprocaine (Usual Care Group)	edpwbxzokj(hewfsxbppp) = fqyonhvbbw uzwgcbysym (yldcbreywv, bjhfgyjcsn - gtrswcybwo) View more	-	16 May 2019
				Central neuraxial anesthesia+Glycopyrrolate+dopamine+Hydroxyethyl starch solutions+Epinephrine+desflurane+bupivacaine+Sodium Chloride 0.9%+propofol+atropine+Ephedrine+Isoflurane+Dobutamine+Vasopressin+Isoproterenol+norepinephrine+Prilocaine+Benzocaine+Procaine+Terlipressin+Tetracaine+ropivacaine+Articaine+levobupivacaine+Milrinone+phenylephrine+Sevoflurane+Mepivacaine+lidocaine+Chloroprocaine (Hypotension Decision Support)	edpwbxzokj(hewfsxbppp) = jfkqlphmyc uzwgcbysym (yldcbreywv, yrmsnhpoyw - ykjtbreolu) View more
NCT02062801 (Pubmed \| Can J Anaesth)	Phase 4	Bradycardia	710	Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine	qalnoooobd(gcmmrxyvet) = pxpfmksukm wejnrwudec (foptgxfsby )	-	01 Nov 2015
				Normal saline placebo	qalnoooobd(gcmmrxyvet) = zuxibsfwjc wejnrwudec (foptgxfsby )

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